Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.S.C.-Z., C.A.M.-H. and F.G.V.-D.; Data curation, M.S.C.-Z., C.A.M.-H., G.C.-L. and N.L.-V.; Formal analyses, M.S.C.-Z., C.A.M.-H. and N.L.-V.; Funding acquisition, G.C.-L., J.A.B.-A. and F.G.V.-D.; Investigation, M.S.C.-Z., C.N.-M., N.L.-V., J.M.F.-S. and P.I.S.-L.; Methodology, M.S.C.-Z., C.A.M.-H., G.C.-L., N.L.-V., C.N.-M. and F.G.V.-D.; Project administration, G.C.-L., J.M.F.-S. and P.I.S.-L.; Resources, G.C.-L., N.L.-V., J.M.F.-S. and F.G.V.-D.; Supervision, C.A.M.-H.; Writing—original draft, C.A.M.-H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Timeline of actions along with the experimental period. A behavioral study was conducted in all the experimental units (n = 15) to determine the goat social rank, either high (HSR) or low (LSR). The behavior test was carried out at feeding time (08:00, 13:00, and 17:00) for a period of 60 min (i.e., 180 min total d−1 during 7 days). At the time of parturition and before kid suckling, a sample of 20 mL of colostrum was individually collected per goat from both udders; samples were pooled to generate a homogeneous mixture; the same process was performed during the milk postpartum sampling.
Figure 1.
Timeline of actions along with the experimental period. A behavioral study was conducted in all the experimental units (n = 15) to determine the goat social rank, either high (HSR) or low (LSR). The behavior test was carried out at feeding time (08:00, 13:00, and 17:00) for a period of 60 min (i.e., 180 min total d−1 during 7 days). At the time of parturition and before kid suckling, a sample of 20 mL of colostrum was individually collected per goat from both udders; samples were pooled to generate a homogeneous mixture; the same process was performed during the milk postpartum sampling.
Figure 2.
Morphological udder response variables considered: udder perimeter (UDPER, cm), udder diameter (UDDIA, cm), left-teat perimeter (LTPER, cm), right-teat perimeter (RTPER, cm), left-teat length (LTLT, cm), right-teat length (RTLT, cm), left-teat length diameter (LTDIA, cm), right-teat diameter (RTDIA, cm), and medium suspensory ligament (MSL, cm) registered from crossbred dairy goats (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian x Criollo; n = 15) in Northern Mexico (25° N).
Figure 2.
Morphological udder response variables considered: udder perimeter (UDPER, cm), udder diameter (UDDIA, cm), left-teat perimeter (LTPER, cm), right-teat perimeter (RTPER, cm), left-teat length (LTLT, cm), right-teat length (RTLT, cm), left-teat length diameter (LTDIA, cm), right-teat diameter (RTDIA, cm), and medium suspensory ligament (MSL, cm) registered from crossbred dairy goats (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian x Criollo; n = 15) in Northern Mexico (25° N).
Table 1.
Least-square means ± standard error for live weight (LW, kg), body condition score (BCS, units), and serum glucose concentration (GLUC, mg mL−1) according to either low or high social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Table 1.
Least-square means ± standard error for live weight (LW, kg), body condition score (BCS, units), and serum glucose concentration (GLUC, mg mL−1) according to either low or high social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
| Social Rank | |
---|
LSR 1 | HSR 1 | p-Value |
---|
LW (kg) | 48.20 ± 1.80 b | 54.60 ± 1.63 a | 0.017 |
BCS (units) | 2.27 ± 0.14 a | 2.27 ± 0.12 a | 0.979 |
GLUC (mg mL−1) | 40.88 ± 2.37 a | 39.18 ± 2.15 a | 0.601 |
Table 2.
Least-square means ± s.e. for goat udder morphometric components considering udder perimeter (UDPER, cm), udder diameter (UDDIA, cm), left-teat perimeter (LTPER, cm), right-teat perimeter (RTPER, cm), left-teat length (LTLT, cm), right-teat length (RTLT, cm), left-teat length diameter (LTDIA, cm), right-teat diameter (RTDIA, cm), and medium suspensory ligament (MSL, cm) as affected by either social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 7 times) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Table 2.
Least-square means ± s.e. for goat udder morphometric components considering udder perimeter (UDPER, cm), udder diameter (UDDIA, cm), left-teat perimeter (LTPER, cm), right-teat perimeter (RTPER, cm), left-teat length (LTLT, cm), right-teat length (RTLT, cm), left-teat length diameter (LTDIA, cm), right-teat diameter (RTDIA, cm), and medium suspensory ligament (MSL, cm) as affected by either social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 7 times) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Variables (cm) | Social Rank (SR) | Time (T) | | p-Value |
---|
LSR | HSR | 20 Oct | 30 Oct | 6 Nov | 13 Nov | 20 Nov | 27 Nov | 4 Dec | s.e. 2 | SR | T |
---|
UDPER | 37.7 ab | 38.5 ab | 27.9 c | 35.3 b | 39.5 ab | 41.8 ab | 39.9 ab | 43.6 a | 38.8 ab | 2.4 | 0.68 | 0.04 |
UDDIA | 9.5 a | 10.8 a | 9.7 a | 14.1 a | 9.8 a | 9.6 a | 9.2 a | 10.0 a | 8.6 a | 1.8 | 0.34 | 0.42 |
LTPER | 7.5 a | 7.6 a | 8.0 a | 7.5 a | 7.8 a | 7.3 a | 8.7 a | 6.8 a | 6.7 a | 1.2 | 0.89 | 0.86 |
RTPER | 7.6 a | 7.6 a | 8.2 a | 7.2 a | 8.3 a | 7.4 a | 8.7 a | 6.9 a | 6.3 a | 1.2 | 0.97 | 0.89 |
LTLT | 5.6 ab | 5.7 ab | 5.7 ab | 7.4 a | 5.8 ab | 5.9 ab | 6.3 ab | 4.4 b | 4.1 b | 0.8 | 0.83 | 0.04 |
RTLT | 5.8 abc | 5.7 abc | 5.7 ab | 6.9 a | 6.5 ab | 6.6 ab | 6.4 abc | 4.3 bc | 3.9 c | 0.8 | 0.98 | 0.04 |
LTDIA | 2.0 ab | 2.0 ab | 2.2 ab | 3.0 a | 1.9 bc | 1.8 bc | 2.5 ab | 1.6 bc | 1.1 c | 0.3 | 0.85 | 0.04 |
RTDIA | 2.0 ab | 2.0 ab | 2.4 ab | 2.9 a | 2.1 ab | 1.8 bc | 2.5 ab | 1.6 bc | 1.1 c | 0.3 | 0.99 | 0.04 |
MSL | 19.5 abc | 20.1 abc | 17.2 bc | 16.6 c | 21.8 ab | 23.0 a | 20.8 abc | 20.1 abc | 19.3 abc | 1.7 | 0.64 | 0.03 |
Table 3.
Least-square means ± s.e. for the interaction social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 7 times) for goat udder morphometric components considering udder perimeter (UDPER, cm), udder diameter (UDDIA, cm), left-teat perimeter (LTPER, cm), right-teat perimeter (RTPER, cm), left-teat length (LTLT, cm), right-teat length (RTLT, cm), left-teat length diameter (LTDIA, cm), right-teat diameter (RTDIA, cm), and medium suspensory ligament (MSL, cm) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Table 3.
Least-square means ± s.e. for the interaction social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 7 times) for goat udder morphometric components considering udder perimeter (UDPER, cm), udder diameter (UDDIA, cm), left-teat perimeter (LTPER, cm), right-teat perimeter (RTPER, cm), left-teat length (LTLT, cm), right-teat length (RTLT, cm), left-teat length diameter (LTDIA, cm), right-teat diameter (RTDIA, cm), and medium suspensory ligament (MSL, cm) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Variables (cm) | 20 Oct | 30 Oct | 6 Nov | 13 Nov | 20 Nov | 27 Nov | 4 Dec | | p-Value
|
---|
LSR | HSR | LSR | HSR | LSR | HSR | LSR | HSR | LSR | HSR | LSR | HSR | LRS | HSR | s.e. 2 | SR × T |
---|
UDPER | 27.7 d | 28.1 d | 34.3 c | 36.1 bc | 39.2 a–c | 39.8 a–c | 41.7 ab | 41.9 ab | 39.7 a–c | 41.5 a–c | 41.3 b | 45.5 a | 39.5 a–c | 43.2 a–c | 2.2 | 0.001 |
UDDIA | 9.4 a | 10.2 a | 9.4 a | 9.4 a | 9.8 a | 9.8 a | 10.0 a | 9.5 a | 9.3 a | 9.1 a | 9.7 a | 10.4 a | 8.6 a | 8.8 a | 0.6 | 0.614 |
LTPER | 8.1 ab | 8.0 ab | 7.0 b | 7.9 ab | 7.9 ab | 7.8 ab | 7.0 b | 7.6 ab | 7.9 ab | 9.4 a | 7.2 ab | 6.4 b | 7.3 ab | 6.2 b | 0.8 | 0.411 |
RTPER | 8.4 ab | 8.1 ab | 6.9 a–c | 7.4 a–c | 8.0 a–c | 8.6 ab | 6.8 a–c | 7.9 a–c | 8.3 ab | 9.1 a | 7.5 a–c | 6.5 bc | 7.2 a–c | 5.6 c | 0.9 | 0.248 |
LTLT | 5.7 b–e | 5.8 b–d | 6.8 b | 8.0 a | 5.8 b–d | 5.7 b–d | 5.9 bc | 5.9 bc | 5.7 b–e | 6.9 a | 5.1 b–e | 3.9 e | 4.2 c–e | 4.0 de | 0.6 | 0.001 |
RTLT | 5.8 a–c | 5.6 a–d | 6.7 a | 7.0 a | 6.5 ab | 6.4 ab | 6.8 a | 6.5 ab | 5.6 b–d | 7.0 a | 4.7 a–d | 3.9 d | 4.1 cd | 3.8 d | 0.7 | 0.001 |
LTDIA | 2.2 bc | 2.2 bc | 3.1 a | 2.9 a | 1.8 b–d | 1.9 bcd | 1.5 c–e | 1.9 b–d | 2.5 ab | 2.5 ab | 1.7 cd | 1.6 c–e | 1.0 e | 1.2 de | 0.2 | 0.001 |
RTDIA | 2.4 b–d | 2.4 b–d | 3.1 a | 2.8 ab | 1.9 c–f | 2.2 b–e | 1.6 e–g | 2.0 c–f | 2.5 abc | 2.4 a–c | 1.7 d–g | 1.5 fg | 1.1 g | 1.1 g | 0.2 | 0.001 |
MSL | 17.1 e–g | 17.3 d–g | 16.7 fg | 16.5 g | 21.0 a–d | 22.5 ab | 23.5 a | 22.7 ab | 20.3 a–f | 21.2 a–c | 18.4 c–e | 20.8 ab | 18.3 c–g | 20.7 ab | 1.3 | 0.005 |
Table 4.
Least-square means ± standard error for goat colostrum constituents, fat (FATCA, %), protein (PROCA, %), lactose (LATCA), %), nonfat solids (NFSCA, %), freezing point (FPCA, units), and total solids (TSCA, %) according to the social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats managed under semi-intensive conditions in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2,3.
Table 4.
Least-square means ± standard error for goat colostrum constituents, fat (FATCA, %), protein (PROCA, %), lactose (LATCA), %), nonfat solids (NFSCA, %), freezing point (FPCA, units), and total solids (TSCA, %) according to the social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats managed under semi-intensive conditions in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2,3.
Variables, (%) | Social Rank | |
---|
LSR | HSR | p-Value |
---|
FATCA | 7.2 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 2.0 | 0.892 |
PROCA | 10.6 ± 1.7 | 10.0 ± 1.6 | 0.804 |
LACCA | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 0.184 |
NFSCA | 12.0 ± 2.4 | 15.6 ± 2.2 | 0.300 |
FPCA | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.284 |
TSCA | 23.1 ± 3.0 | 22.3 ± 2.7 | 0.838 |
Table 5.
Least-square means ± standard error for goat milk constituents, fat (FATMK, %), protein (PROMK, %), lactose (LACMK), %), nonfat solids (NFSMK, %), freezing point (FPMK, units), and total solids (TSMK, %) according to the social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 3 times) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Table 5.
Least-square means ± standard error for goat milk constituents, fat (FATMK, %), protein (PROMK, %), lactose (LACMK), %), nonfat solids (NFSMK, %), freezing point (FPMK, units), and total solids (TSMK, %) according to the social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 3 times) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Variables | Social Rank | Time | p-Value |
---|
LSR | HSR | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
---|
FATMK, % | 3.5 ± 0.5 a | 4.2 ± 0.5 a | 4.6 ± 0.6 a | 3.2 ± 0.6 a | 3.8 ± 0.7 a | 0.380 |
PROMK, % | 3.2 ± 0.1 ab | 3.4 ± 0.1 a | 3.8 ± 0.2 a | 3.3 ± 0.2 ab | 2.7 ± 0.2 b | 0.470 |
LACMK, % | 4.1 ± 0.1 a | 4.2 ± 0.1 a | 4.3 ± 0.1 a | 4.0 ± 0.1 a | 4.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.491 |
NFSMK, % | 7.8 ± 0.3 ab | 8.3 ± 0.3 a | 8.8 ± 0.3 a | 8.1 ± 0.3 ab | 7.3 ± 0.4 b | 0.324 |
FPMK, °C | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.01 a | 0.4 ± 0.01 a | 0.4 ± 0.02 a | 0.742 |
TSMK, % | 11.9 ± 0.7 a | 12.8 ± 0.8 a | 13.6 ± 0.9 a | 11.7 ± 0.9 a | 11.7 ± 1.0 a | 0.461 |
Table 6.
Least-square means ± standard error for the interaction social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 3 times) regarding the goat milk constituents for fat (FATMK, %), protein (PROMK, %), lactose (LACMK), %), nonfat solids (NFSMK, %), freezing point (FPMK, units), and total solids (TSMK, %) according to the social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 3 times) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Table 6.
Least-square means ± standard error for the interaction social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 3 times) regarding the goat milk constituents for fat (FATMK, %), protein (PROMK, %), lactose (LACMK), %), nonfat solids (NFSMK, %), freezing point (FPMK, units), and total solids (TSMK, %) according to the social rank (i.e., LSR and HSR) and time (i.e., 3 times) in crossbred (Alpine–Saanen–Nubian × Criollo; n = 15) dairy goats in northern Mexico (25° N) 1,2.
Variables | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | p-Value |
---|
LSR | HSR | LSR | HSR | LSR | HSR | |
---|
FATMK (%) | 4.6 ± 0.6 ab | 4.7 ± 0.6 a | 2.7 ± 0.4 b | 3.7 ± 0.4 a | 3.3 ± 0.6 ab | 4.4 ± 0.7 ab | 0.049 |
PROMK (%) | 3.8 ± 0.2 a | 3.8 ± 0.2 a | 3.1 ± 0.2 bc | 3.5 ± 0.1 a | 2.6 ± 0.1 c | 2.9 ± 0.1 b | 0.002 |
LACMK (%) | 4.5 ± 0.2 a | 4.2 ± 0.2 ab | 3.7 ± 0.2 b | 4.3 ± 0.2 a | 4.2 ± 0.2 ab | 4.2 ± 0.2 ab | 0.165 |
NFSMK (%) | 9.0 ± 0.4 a | 8.7 ± 0.4 ab | 7.5 ± 0.4 cd | 8.6 ± 0.4 ab | 7.1 ± 0.3 d | 7.7 ± 03 bc | 0.013 |
FPMK (°C) | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.01 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.941 |
TSMK (%) | 13.7 ± 0.9 a | 13.6 ± 0.8 ab | 11.0 ± 0.9 b | 12.4 ± 0.8 ab | 11.0 ± 0.9 b | 12.3 ± 1.0 ab | 0.106 |