Effects of Continuous Ridge Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on Microbial Community Structure and Rice Yield
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Site
2.2. Test Materials
2.3. Test Design
2.4. Measurement Index and Method
2.4.1. Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.4.2. Soil Physical Properties Analysis
2.4.3. Microbial Community Structure Analysis
2.4.4. Rice Theoretical Output and Output Composition
2.5. Data Processing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Continuous Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on Soil Nutrient Content and Physical Properties
3.2. Analysis of Soil Microbial Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs)
3.3. Effects of Continuous Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on the Diversity and Abundance of Soil Microorganism Communities
3.4. Effects of Continuous Ridge Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on the Microbial Community Structure
3.5. Effects of Continuous Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on the Interaction between Soil Bacteria and Fungi
3.6. Effects of Continuous Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on Yield and Yield Components
3.7. Correlation between Rice Yield and Alpha Diversity of Soil Bacteria and Fungi
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Continuous Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on Soil Nutrient Content and Physical Properties
4.2. Effects of Continuous Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on the Abundance and Diversity of Soil Microorganism Communities
4.3. Effects of Continuous Ridge Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on the Microbial Community Structure
4.4. Effects of Continuous Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on the Interaction between Soil Bacteria and Fungi
4.5. Effects of Continuous Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on Yield and Yield Components
4.6. Correlation between Rice Yield and Alpha Diversity of Soil Bacteria and Fungi
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Treatment | Base Fertilizer | Regulating Fertilizer | Panicle Fertilizer | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | K | N | N | K | |||
2016–2018 | L | Upper layer | 40.85 | 5.16 | 9.92 | 10.35 | — | 12.96 |
Lower layer | 47.50 | 7.40 | 15.02 | — | — | — | ||
P | Full layer | 88.35 | 12.56 | 24.94 | 10.35 | — | 12.96 |
Year | Treatment | Alkali-Hydrolyzed Nitrogen (AN) (mg/kg) | Available Phosphorus (AP) (mg/kg) | Available Potassium (AK) (mg/kg) | Organic Matter (OC) (g/kg) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | L | 155.90 | 30.75 | 189.47 | 35.50 | 7.25 |
P | 155.90 | 30.75 | 189.47 | 35.50 | 7.25 | |
2017 | L | 171.58 | 32.97 | 134.75 | 33.00 | 7.23 |
P | 173.38 | 36.89 | 136.05 | 35.00 | 7.12 | |
2018 | L | 144.89 | 28.17 | 179.35 | 27.30 | 7.55 |
P | 158.06 | 31.94 | 184.96 | 35.30 | 7.34 |
Treatment | pH | Organic Matter (OC) (g/kg) | Alkali-Hydrolyzed Nitrogen (AN) (mg/kg) | Available Phosphorus (AP) (mg/kg) | Available Potassium (AK) (mg/kg) | Total Nitrogen (TN) (g/kg) | Total Phosphorus (TP) (g/kg) | Total Potassium (TK) (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | 7.81 a | 32.27 a | 146.67 a | 47.22 a | 122.06 a | 1.76 a | 0.94 a | 18.36 a |
P | 8.08 a | 29.77 b | 138.33 b | 39.13 b | 109.27 b | 1.59 b | 0.86 a | 18.07 a |
Treatment | 0–5 cm | 5–10 cm | 10–15 cm | 15–20 cm | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk density (g·cm−3) | L | 1.19 b | 1.29 b | 1.36 a | 1.35 a |
P | 1.35 a | 1.44 a | 1.50 a | 1.35 a | |
Total porosity (%) | L | 59.56 a | 51.26 a | 42.50 a | 40.25 a |
P | 45.23 b | 40.15 b | 39.21 a | 38.25 a | |
Total aggregates (%) | L | 22.30 a | 28.90 a | ||
P | 19.60 b | 24.50 b |
Treatment | Bacterial (V3 + V4) OTU Numbers | Coverage | Fungal (ITS1) OTU Numbers | Coverage |
---|---|---|---|---|
L | 1549 a | 0.9974 a | 489 a | 0.9998 a |
P | 1465 b | 0.9905 b | 464 a | 0.9998 a |
Treatment | ACE Index | Chao Index | Simpson Index | Shannon Index | ACE Index | Chao Index | Simpson Index | Shannon Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial (V3 + V4) | Fungal (ITS1) | |||||||
L | 1572.069 a | 1576.272 a | 0.005 a | 6.360 a | 493.631 a | 498.000 a | 0.115 a | 4.096 a |
P | 1549.379 a | 1547.933 a | 0.005 a | 6.332 a | 468.986 a | 472.095 a | 0.078 a | 3.835 a |
Year | Treatment | Number of Panicles (m2) | Number of Grains Per Panicle | Seed Setting Rate (%) | Weight of 1000-Grain (g) | Rice Yield (kg/ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | L | 629.33 a | 70.03 b | 93.77 a | 24.29 a | 10,027.13 a |
P | 508.00 b | 79.36 a | 91.38 a | 25.23 a | 9294.45 a | |
2017 | L | 563.17 a | 78.93 a | 92.95 b | 25.81 a | 10,664.51 a |
P | 508.33 b | 69.11 b | 95.25 a | 26.83 a | 8977.00 b | |
2018 | L | 532.17 a | 68.73 a | 86.95 a | 27.22 a | 8653.08 a |
P | 447.67 b | 61.55 a | 83.41 a | 27.53 a | 6340.92 b |
Correlation | OTU | ACE index | Chao Index | Simpson Index | Shannon Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight of panicles | 0.989 ** | 0.942 ** | 0.947 ** | 0.093 | 0.545 |
Number of panicles per hill | 0.555 | 0.486 | 0.419 | −0.291 | 0.595 |
Number of real grains | 0.981 ** | 0.927 ** | 0.931 ** | 0.133 | 0.51 |
Number of shattered grains | −0.686 | −0.657 | −0.626 | −0.6 | 0.061 |
Number of empty particles | 0.884 * | 0.816 * | 0.775 | 0.326 | 0.312 |
Weight of real grain | 0.979 ** | 0.932 ** | 0.932 ** | 0.164 | 0.482 |
Number of panicles per m2 | 0.709 | 0.655 | 0.593 | −0.163 | 0.575 |
Number of grains per panicle | 0.752 | 0.735 | 0.798 | 0.231 | 0.283 |
Seed setting rate | 0.845 * | 0.818 * | 0.835 * | 0.427 | 0.166 |
Weight of 1000-grain | −0.619 | −0.559 | −0.588 | 0.508 | −0.796 |
Yield | 0.971 ** | 0.931 ** | 0.922 ** | 0.172 | 0.464 |
Correlation | OTU | ACE Index | Chao Index | Simpson Index | Shannon Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight of panicles | 0.455 | 0.465 | 0.438 | −0.052 | 0.394 |
Number of panicles per hill | −0.212 | −0.183 | −0.175 | 0.288 | −0.158 |
Number of real grains | 0.452 | 0.463 | 0.441 | −0.045 | 0.389 |
Number of shattered grains | −0.717 | −0.736 | −0.752 | 0.272 | −0.589 |
Number of empty particles | 0.505 | 0.524 | 0.519 | 0.002 | 0.369 |
Weight of real grain | 0.5 | 0.511 | 0.489 | −0.076 | 0.426 |
Number of panicles per m2 | 0.021 | 0.049 | 0.055 | 0.138 | 0.055 |
Number of grains per panicle | 0.575 | 0.563 | 0.523 | −0.188 | 0.48 |
Seed setting rate | 0.672 | 0.683 | 0.681 | −0.291 | 0.607 |
Weight of 1000-grain | 0.318 | 0.308 | 0.327 | −0.244 | 0.169 |
Yield | 0.516 | 0.53 | 0.513 | −0.108 | 0.452 |
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Liu, L.; Cui, S.; Qin, M.; Chen, L.; Yin, D.; Guo, X.; Li, H.; Zheng, G. Effects of Continuous Ridge Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on Microbial Community Structure and Rice Yield. Agriculture 2022, 12, 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12070923
Liu L, Cui S, Qin M, Chen L, Yin D, Guo X, Li H, Zheng G. Effects of Continuous Ridge Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on Microbial Community Structure and Rice Yield. Agriculture. 2022; 12(7):923. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12070923
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Lihua, Shize Cui, Meng Qin, Liqiang Chen, Dawei Yin, Xiaohong Guo, Hongyu Li, and Guiping Zheng. 2022. "Effects of Continuous Ridge Tillage at Two Fertilizer Depths on Microbial Community Structure and Rice Yield" Agriculture 12, no. 7: 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12070923