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Article

Assessment of the Immune Response of Clinically Infected Calves to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection

by
Wael El-Deeb
1,2,*,
Olimpia Iacob
3,
Mahmoud Fayez
4,5,
Ibrahim Elsohaby
6,7,
Abdulrahman Alhaider
1,
Hermine V. Mkrtchyan
8,
Abdelazim Ibrahim
9,10 and
Naser Alhumam
11
1
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
3
Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 700490 Iasi, Romania
4
Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo 12618, Egypt
6
Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
7
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
8
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, St Mary’s Rd, London W5 5RF, UK
9
Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
10
Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
11
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2022, 12(8), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081151
Submission received: 2 June 2022 / Revised: 8 July 2022 / Accepted: 2 August 2022 / Published: 4 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)
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Abstract

Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) infection is one of the main causes of diarrhea in calves. The current study assessed the role of blood biomarkers (acute-phase proteins (APPs), procalcitonin, neopterin, cytokines, and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of calves naturally infected with C. parvum. Fifty-seven calves, aged from 10 to 45 days, were detected positive for C. parvum and were allotted into the diseased group; twenty healthy calves were selected as a control group. Serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, cytokines, neopterin, procalcitonin, and stress biomarkers were tested in the diseased and healthy groups. The serum levels of APPs, cytokines, neopterin, procalcitonin, and malondialdehyde increased, whereas antioxidant levels were significantly decreased in diseased calves compared to the healthy group. Moreover, all examined biomarkers were significantly altered towards normal values in infected calves following different treatment protocols. All biomarkers examined were highly effective in discriminating between C. parvum-infected calves and healthy individuals. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) showed that all tested parameters had a higher degree of prognostic accuracy in predicting the treatment response of calves naturally infected with C. parvum. Our data suggest the usefulness of the examined biomarkers in the immune pathogenesis of the C. parvum infection in calves, contributing to diagnosis and treatment efficacy.
Keywords: procalcitonin; neopterin; cytokines; Cryptosporidium; haptoglobin; malondialdehyde procalcitonin; neopterin; cytokines; Cryptosporidium; haptoglobin; malondialdehyde

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MDPI and ACS Style

El-Deeb, W.; Iacob, O.; Fayez, M.; Elsohaby, I.; Alhaider, A.; Mkrtchyan, H.V.; Ibrahim, A.; Alhumam, N. Assessment of the Immune Response of Clinically Infected Calves to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081151

AMA Style

El-Deeb W, Iacob O, Fayez M, Elsohaby I, Alhaider A, Mkrtchyan HV, Ibrahim A, Alhumam N. Assessment of the Immune Response of Clinically Infected Calves to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection. Agriculture. 2022; 12(8):1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081151

Chicago/Turabian Style

El-Deeb, Wael, Olimpia Iacob, Mahmoud Fayez, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Abdulrahman Alhaider, Hermine V. Mkrtchyan, Abdelazim Ibrahim, and Naser Alhumam. 2022. "Assessment of the Immune Response of Clinically Infected Calves to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection" Agriculture 12, no. 8: 1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081151

APA Style

El-Deeb, W., Iacob, O., Fayez, M., Elsohaby, I., Alhaider, A., Mkrtchyan, H. V., Ibrahim, A., & Alhumam, N. (2022). Assessment of the Immune Response of Clinically Infected Calves to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection. Agriculture, 12(8), 1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081151

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