How Much Food Loss and Waste Do Countries with Problems with Food Security Generate?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Background and Literature Review
2.1. Definition of Food Losses and Waste
2.2. FLW and Its Relationship with Food Security, Resources Sustainability, Climate Change, and SDGs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Calculation of Food Loss and Waste
- i is the food group: fruit, cereals, milk, fish and seafood, meat, eggs, starchy roots, pulses, oil crops, and vegetables;
- j is the stage of the FSC: agricultural production, post-harvest, storage, processing and packaging, distribution, and consumption;
- is the country;
- is the level of food security according to the Global Food Security Index of The Economist Intelligence Unit, which are very good, good, moderate, weak, very weak, and without EIU Index;
- is the domestic food supply quantity, which is the quantity of food available in the food group i in stage j of the FSC in the country .
- is the food loss and waste rate (FLWR) in the food group in stage j of the FSC in the country , defined as the ratio of food loss and waste to the total amount of food production;
- is the allocation factor in the food group in stage j of the FSC in the country which defines the proportion of the food meant for human consumption.
- is the conversion factor in the food group in stage j of the FSC in the country which defines the proportion of edible food;
- is the food loss and waste in the country with the level of security.
3.2. Data
- i.
- As pointed out, the research uses FAOSTAT data for various countries, food groups, and FSC stages of conducting this research.FAOSTAT data only for some of those variables have the same level of reliability and accuracy. This situation may be due to multiple reasons; for example, not all countries have the same incentive to deliver accurate and reliable information. In addition, not all countries have a national statistical institute that collects and processes national statistics. Moreover, some countries have a national statistical institute. Moreover, with a minimal budget preventing accurate information development, they must prioritize the agriculture and food data. Moreover, in many countries, FLW is considered a sensitive issue for policymakers, governments, citizens, and national and international organizations, which may cause the authorities an incentive to misinform accurate data regarding FLW. Therefore, future research addressing this problem might focus on developing more precise and reliable national statistical data, especially on countries with food security issues, usually countries with less developed statistical data.
- ii.
- FLWR, conversion, and allocation factors for estimating FLW were taken from [8,21] and contrasted with data collected by [20] from 1943 to 2015. These factors were collected from scientific journals, statistical databases, non-governmental organizations, and national and international organizations, from 1997 to 2011. In Annex 1 to Annex 3, there are more details about data sources and methods used to estimate FLWR, conversion, and allocation factors [21]. Therefore, in some cases, the data needed to be updated, and it was necessary to make assumptions for their use. For example, when FLWR, conversion, or allocation factor were unavailable for a specific country, the regional FLWR, conversion, or allocation factor was used for the estimation, which introduces bias in the analysis.Nevertheless, by comparing the outcomes with research using primary data on food waste, these drawbacks can be eliminated [60,61]. However, despite these drawbacks, using these factors and the mass balance method is meaningful as it provides a more comprehensive picture of the structure of FLW in a country. Therefore, the results help to focalize future research resources on the country’s main issues related to FLW and might focus on collecting primary food waste data in specific countries to improve the accuracy of the FLWR, conversion, and allocation factors.
- iii.
- The Global Food Security Index of December 2019 was calculated for 113 countries, while the FLW was calculated for 176 countries in this research. As mentioned in this article’s methodology section, the rest of the countries were grouped in the category without the EIU Index; therefore, some countries need an index, but with food security problems and a significant amount of FLW, future research might explore this in detail.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
4.2. Overall FLW by Food Security Level and Stage of the FSC
4.3. Overall FLW by Food Security Level and Food Group
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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N° of Countries with Weak Level of Food Security | N° of Countries with Moderate Level of Food Security | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDGs/Category | SDG Achievement | Challenges Remain | Significant Challenges Remain | Major Challenges Remain | SDG Achievement | Challenges Remain | Significant Challenges Remain | Major Challenges Remain | Data No Available |
SDG1: No poverty | 5 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 22 | 1 | |||
SDG2: Zero Hunger | 6 | 4 | 32 | 0 | |||||
SDG6: Clean water and sanitation | 1 | 5 | 6 | 30 | 0 | ||||
SDG7: Affordable and clean energy | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 26 | 0 | |||
SDG11: Sustainable cities and communities | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 21 | 0 | ||
SDG12: Responsable consumption and production | 2 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 22 | 2 | 0 | ||
SDG13: Climate action | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 23 | 6 | 1 | 0 | |
SDG14: Life below water | 4 | 3 | 15 | 6 | 14 | ||||
SDG15: Life on land | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 23 | 2 | 0 |
Level of Food Security | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Group | Very Good | Good | Moderate | Weak | Without EUI Index | Total |
Cereals-Excluding Beer | 940.4 | 439.2 | 241.4 | 179.8 | 305.8 | 2106.6 |
Eggs | 16.9 | 17.6 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 47.7 |
Fish, Seafood | 29.2 | 35.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 10.9 | 93.9 |
Fruits-Excluding Wine | 113.3 | 112.1 | 65.0 | 49.8 | 89.1 | 429.3 |
Meat | 107.1 | 60.1 | 10.8 | 25.3 | 32.4 | 235.8 |
Milk-Excluding Butter | 291.8 | 79.4 | 103.0 | 43.2 | 90.0 | 607.3 |
Oilcrops | 198.9 | 197.6 | 46.7 | 18.6 | 31.1 | 492.9 |
Pulses | 10.9 | 6.6 | 20.2 | 5.8 | 8.3 | 52.0 |
Starchy Roots | 87.3 | 116.3 | 121.7 | 117.6 | 64.0 | 506.8 |
Vegetables | 115.8 | 243.7 | 83.0 | 29.2 | 129.9 | 601.5 |
Total | 1911.5 | 1307.9 | 704.8 | 481.0 | 768.6 | 5173.9 |
N° Countries | 14 | 52 | 36 | 6 | 63 | 171 |
Population (Million people) | 610.8 | 3619.7 | 2725.6 | 110.4 | 302.8 | 7369.3 |
Food Losses and Waste (Mt) | Food Waste/Domestic Supply Quantity | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level of Food Security | Domestic Supply Quantity (Mt) | Agricultural Production | Postharvest and Storage | Processing and Packaging | Distribution | Consumption | Total FLW | |
Very good | 1167.6 | 46.3 | 15.7 | 11.9 | 18.2 | 68.3 | 160.5 | 14% |
Good | 4734.3 | 259.3 | 207.9 | 75.8 | 132.2 | 219.1 | 894.3 | 19% |
Moderate | 1921.1 | 122.3 | 130.5 | 22.3 | 76.5 | 36.8 | 388.3 | 20% |
Weak | 53.1 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 11.4 | 21% |
Without EUI Index | 232.7 | 13.5 | 10.3 | 2.7 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 43.7 | 19% |
Total | 8108.8 | 444.8 | 367.8 | 113.7 | 237.7 | 334.1 | 1498.2 | 18% |
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Durán-Sandoval, D.; Durán-Romero, G.; Uleri, F. How Much Food Loss and Waste Do Countries with Problems with Food Security Generate? Agriculture 2023, 13, 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13050966
Durán-Sandoval D, Durán-Romero G, Uleri F. How Much Food Loss and Waste Do Countries with Problems with Food Security Generate? Agriculture. 2023; 13(5):966. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13050966
Chicago/Turabian StyleDurán-Sandoval, Daniel, Gemma Durán-Romero, and Francesca Uleri. 2023. "How Much Food Loss and Waste Do Countries with Problems with Food Security Generate?" Agriculture 13, no. 5: 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13050966