An Enhanced Body Condition Improved Sexual Behavior, Ovarian Structure and Function, and Reproductive Fitness in Rangeland-Crossbred Dairy Goats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General
2.2. Description of the Location and Environmental Conditions
2.3. Animals and Their Management
2.4. Treatments and Experimental Groups
2.4.1. Females
2.4.2. Males
2.5. Response Variables
2.5.1. Sexual Behaviors of Males and Females
2.5.2. Estrus Response, Follicular Growth, and Ovulation
2.5.3. Gestation, Births, and Prolificacy
2.6. Statistical Analyzes
3. Results
3.1. Male-to-Female and Female-to-Male Sexual Behaviors
3.2. Ovarian Structures
3.3. Females Ovulating, Estrus Performance, Ovulation Rate, and Luteal Structures
3.4. Pregnant Females, Fetal Mortality Rate, Goats Kidding and Prolificacy
4. Discussion
4.1. Male and Female Sexual Behaviors
4.2. Ovarian Structures
4.3. Females Ovulating, Luteal Structures (i.e., Number and Diameter), and Prolificacy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Follicle Characteristics | Experimental Groups | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
HG (n = 22) | LG (n = 26) | ||
Small n (2–3.4 mm) | 21 ± 0.0 | 28 ± 0.04 | 0.35 |
Medium n (3.5–4.9 mm) | 5 ± 0.0 | 15 ± 0.04 | 0.24 |
Large n (≥5 mm) | 47 ± 0.2 | 30 ± 0.2 | 0.56 |
Total number of follicles (n) | 73 ± 0.2 | 73 ± 0.1 | 0.36 |
Average diameter (mm) | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 0.45 |
Average volume (mm3) | 70.6 ± 11.2 a | 50.5 ± 11.9 b | 0.05 |
Variable | Experimental Groups | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
HG (n = 22) | LG (n = 26) | ||
Females that presented estrus n (%) | 16/22 (72.7) | 15/26 (57.6) | 0.08 |
Interval to estrus (h) | 245.2 ± 30 | 284.1 ± 25 | 0.23 |
Duration of estrus (h) | 21.3 ± 3.8 | 20.5 ± 4 | 0.48 |
Estrus-to-ovulation interval (h) | 33 ± 4.1 | 44 ± 2.9 | 0.76 |
Females with short cycles n (%) | 6/22 (27) | 7/26 (27) | 0.58 |
Females ovulating n, (%) | 18/22 (81.8) a | 11/26 (42.3) b | 0.02 |
Total corpus luteum number (n) | 36 ± 0.1 a | 17 ± 0.1 b | 0.03 |
Ovulation rate (n) | 1.61 ± 0.2 a | 0.58 ± 0.2 b | 0.04 |
Corpus luteum diameter (mm) | 11.77 ± 1.1 a | 5.0 ± 1.3 b | 0.01 |
Luteal tissue volume (mm3) | 678.85 ± 72.6 a | 262.9 ± 73.9 b | 0.02 |
Type of ovulation: | |||
Simple n (%) | 5/18 (27.8) | 6/11 (54.5) | 0.14 |
Multiple n (%) | 13/18 (72.2) | 5/11 (45.5) | 0.06 |
Double n (%) | 9/18 (50.0) | 4/11 (36.4) | 0.47 |
Triple n (%) | 3/18 (16.7) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0.56 |
Quadruple n (%) | 1/18 (5.6) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0.42 |
Variable | Experimental Groups | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
HG (n = 22) | LG (n = 26) | ||
Pregnant females at d 45, n (%) | 18/22 (81.8) a | 11/26 (42.3) b | 0.05 |
Fetal mortality rate, n (%) | 2/18 (11.1) | 3/11 (27.3) | 0.26 |
Goats kidding, n (%) | 16/22 (72.7) a | 8/26 (30.8) b | 0.03 |
Total number of kids born alive | 29 a | 13 b | 0.01 |
Prolificacy | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.69 |
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Veliz-Deras, F.G.; Meza-Herrera, C.A.; De Santiago-Miramontes, A.; Santos-Alvarado, A.; Bustamante-Andrade, J.A.; Flores-Salas, J.M.; Arellano-Rodríguez, F.; Mellado, M. An Enhanced Body Condition Improved Sexual Behavior, Ovarian Structure and Function, and Reproductive Fitness in Rangeland-Crossbred Dairy Goats. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071337
Veliz-Deras FG, Meza-Herrera CA, De Santiago-Miramontes A, Santos-Alvarado A, Bustamante-Andrade JA, Flores-Salas JM, Arellano-Rodríguez F, Mellado M. An Enhanced Body Condition Improved Sexual Behavior, Ovarian Structure and Function, and Reproductive Fitness in Rangeland-Crossbred Dairy Goats. Agriculture. 2023; 13(7):1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071337
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeliz-Deras, Francisco G., Cesar A. Meza-Herrera, Angeles De Santiago-Miramontes, Alejandro Santos-Alvarado, Jorge A. Bustamante-Andrade, Jessica M. Flores-Salas, Fernando Arellano-Rodríguez, and Miguel Mellado. 2023. "An Enhanced Body Condition Improved Sexual Behavior, Ovarian Structure and Function, and Reproductive Fitness in Rangeland-Crossbred Dairy Goats" Agriculture 13, no. 7: 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071337