Parameters Optimization and Performance Evaluation Model of Air-Assisted Electrostatic Sprayer for Citrus Orchards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Air-Assisted Electrostatic Sprayer Design
2.2. Orthogonal Experiment Design
2.3. Measurement of CMR
2.4. Measurement of the Droplet Size
2.5. Measurement of the Spray Coverage
2.6. Field Tests in a Citrus Orchard with Different Cultivation Patterns
2.7. Spray Performance Comprehensive Evaluation Model
- Indexes conversion; In the comprehensive evaluation model, all the indexes should be dimensionless. Here, the equalization method was used to convert the indexes to dimensionless indexes. In addition, negative indexes (i.e., water consumption, CV) were converted to positive indicators using the reciprocal method.
- Weight determination; The subjective weight method (SWM) and objective weight method (OWM) were used to determine the weight of the indexes [29]. Here, the subjective weight values were 1/5 and the values of objective weight were calculated based on the CV of the comprehensive evaluation indexes, as shown in Equations (6) and (7).
- Model construction; The multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation model usually includes a linear weighted model or nonlinear weighted model. In this paper, the linear weighted method was used to construct the model.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Orthogonal Experiment and Optimal Level of Spray Parameters
3.2. Analysis of Field Tests
3.2.1. Spray Coverage for AAES under Different Cultivation Patterns
3.2.2. Comparison of Spray Coverage for Sprayers
3.3. Comprehensive Evaluation Model
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Number | Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|
Spray Pressure A/(MPa) | Applied Voltage B/(kV) | Air Flow Velocity C/(m/s) | |
1 | 0.3 | 3 | 6 |
2 | 0.3 | 6 | 8 |
3 | 0.3 | 9 | 10 |
4 | 0.5 | 3 | 8 |
5 | 0.5 | 6 | 10 |
6 | 0.5 | 9 | 6 |
7 | 0.7 | 3 | 10 |
8 | 0.7 | 6 | 6 |
9 | 0.7 | 9 | 8 |
Spray Application Parameters | AAES | ES | SG |
---|---|---|---|
Flow rate (L·min−1) | 1.59 | 1.59 | 2.36 |
Spray angle (Degrees) | 64.8 | 55.5 | 55.9 |
Maximum spray distance (m) | 3.7 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
Water consumption (L·ha−1) | 406 | 954 | 1665 |
Cultivation Pattern | Row Spacing (m) | Plant Spacing (m) | Canopy Width (m) | Tree Height (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
General | 3 | 1.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
Dense dwarf | 4 | 1.5 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
Dense fence | 4.5 | 1 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.2 |
Index | Value | Spray Pressure A/(MPa) | Applied Voltage B/(kV) | Air Flow Velocity C/(m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CMR (mC·kg−1) | 0.169 | 0.071 | 0.165 | |
0.168 | 0.186 | 0.142 | ||
0.146 | 0.224 | 0.174 | ||
0.023 | 0.153 | 0.032 | ||
VMD (μm) | 240.23 | 218.37 | 221.00 | |
208.54 | 215.07 | 229.88 | ||
196.74 | 212.07 | 194.63 | ||
43.49 | 6.30 | 35.26 | ||
RS | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.79 | |
0.85 | 0.86 | 0.85 | ||
0.90 | 0.85 | 0.96 | ||
0.05 | 0.03 | 0.17 | ||
spray coverage (%) | 11.46 | 12.58 | 13.43 | |
14.04 | 14.5 | 13.96 | ||
17.36 | 15.72 | 15.48 | ||
5.90 | 3.14 | 2.05 |
Analysis Method | CMR | VMD | RS | Spray Coverage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Range analysis | A1B3C3 | A3B3C3 | A1B3C1 | A3B3C3 |
Layer | Leaf Surface | Cultivation Pattern | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
General | Dense Dwarf | Dense Fence | ||
Top | Adaxial | 11.91 | 9.42 | 15.69 |
Abaxial | 4.85 | 3.39 | 6.94 | |
Middle | Adaxial | 9.52 | 19.03 | 20.20 |
Abaxial | 2.88 | 12.56 | 11.92 | |
Bottom | Adaxial | 1.69 | 22.87 | 22.6 |
Abaxial | 1.68 | 7.03 | 9.29 | |
Mean spray coverage | Adaxial | 7.71 | 17.11 | 19.50 |
Abaxial | 3.14 | 7.66 | 9.38 | |
CV between layers | Adaxial | 56.64 | 33.10 | 14.69 |
Abaxial | 41.66 | 49.22 | 21.68 |
Cultivation Pattern | Sprayer | I1 | I2 | I3 | I4 | I5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | AAES | 1.80 | 1.27 | 1.34 | 0.98 | 0.58 |
ES | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.62 | 1.03 | 2.08 | |
BS | 0.44 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.34 | |
Dense dwarf | AAES | 1.80 | 1.45 | 1.64 | 0.84 | 0.85 |
ES | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.89 | |
BS | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 1.46 | 1.25 | |
Dense fence | AAES | 1.80 | 1.44 | 1.91 | 1.14 | 1.51 |
ES | 0.76 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 0.41 | 0.65 | |
BS | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.46 | 1.45 | 0.84 |
Cultivation Pattern | Sprayer | SWM Evaluation Index | SWM Rank | OWM Evaluation Index | OWM Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | AAES | 1.19 | 1 | 1.19 | 1 |
ES | 1.06 | 2 | 0.90 | 2 | |
BS | 0.74 | 3 | 0.79 | 3 | |
Dense dwarf | AAES | 1.32 | 1 | 1.37 | 1 |
ES | 0.77 | 3 | 0.76 | 3 | |
BS | 0.91 | 2 | 0.90 | 2 | |
Dense fence | AAES | 1.56 | 1 | 1.66 | 1 |
ES | 0.66 | 3 | 0.67 | 2 | |
BS | 0.78 | 2 | 0.79 | 3 |
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Xue, X.; Zeng, K.; Li, N.; Luo, Q.; Ji, Y.; Li, Z.; Lyu, S.; Song, S. Parameters Optimization and Performance Evaluation Model of Air-Assisted Electrostatic Sprayer for Citrus Orchards. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13081498
Xue X, Zeng K, Li N, Luo Q, Ji Y, Li Z, Lyu S, Song S. Parameters Optimization and Performance Evaluation Model of Air-Assisted Electrostatic Sprayer for Citrus Orchards. Agriculture. 2023; 13(8):1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13081498
Chicago/Turabian StyleXue, Xiuyun, Kaixiang Zeng, Nengchao Li, Qin Luo, Yihang Ji, Zhen Li, Shilei Lyu, and Shuran Song. 2023. "Parameters Optimization and Performance Evaluation Model of Air-Assisted Electrostatic Sprayer for Citrus Orchards" Agriculture 13, no. 8: 1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13081498