The Construction of the Landscape- and Village-Integrated Green Governance System Based on the Entropy Method: A Study from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Benefits of LVIGE
2.2. The Path of LVIGE
2.3. The Evaluation of Landscape and Village Integrated and Green Governance
3. LVIGE Evaluation System Construction
3.1. Evaluation System Construction Principles
- (1)
- Scientific. The index selection, calculation, and analysis of each subsystem in the evaluation system of the LVIGE should focus on collecting data from aspects such as the landscape and village integration status and the green governance status in rural areas. In an in-depth analysis, an index system can be constructed scientifically, and the level of the LVIGE can be reasonably evaluated to provide a credible reference for improving the policy suggestions of the LVIGE in China. To a certain extent, the scientific nature guarantees the objectivity, that is, the construction of the basic indicator system for the evaluation of the LVIGE can not only rely on subjective judgment, but should rely on the objective actual situation as much as possible. For example, the weight of the indicator and the constraint value of the “red line” indicator cannot be subjectively inferred but should be determined via objective and reasonable methods. In the process of index selection, this paper fully collates the literature and selects the index frequently used in most of the literature as the index of this paper.
- (2)
- Operability. The operability of the index system is such that the data of the index is easy to collect and calculate. The index design of the LVIGE is wide, and some of the data are difficult to obtain via statistics, which causes certain difficulties in the evaluation practice and affects the operability of the index system. To ensure the operability of the evaluation index system, indicators with a strong representation and high recognition should be selected to ensure that the index data are easy to collect and collate and can be continuously obtained over a long period of time in the future. It should be able to quantify and carry out the quantitative evaluation to achieve objective, accurate, and scientific results.
- (3)
- Purposefulness. The evaluation system of the LVIGE is required to evaluate the conclusion by gradually developing the purpose of the comprehensive evaluation, accurately reflect the situation of the LVIGE, and objectively monitor and describe the essential characteristics and main components of the object, to serve the monitoring and evaluation activities, as there is no literature to show how to better measure the LVIGE. Therefore, independent and interrelated indicators are selected to form a whole to guide the construction of the evaluation system for the LVIGE, to reflect the LVIGE scientifically and completely, and to lay the groundwork for the analysis and suggestions in the following paper.
- (4)
- Foresight. The indicators set up in the construction of the LVIGE should be based on the actual situation of the evaluated region and should follow the international advanced sustainable development results and related domestic frontier construction results. Forward-looking indicators should be summarized from international conventions, rules, agreements, and national planning and applied to the evaluation practice of the LVIGE.
- (5)
- Comparability. On the one hand, the establishment of an evaluation system for the LVIGE should take into account the stage of regional development and the dynamic nature of environmental problems to ensure the horizontal development and vertical continuity of the selected indicators, and at the same time, make it possible to compare the provinces and regions in the country. Thus, we can scientifically and accurately judge the level of the LVIGE and the level and advantages of each rural area in its sub-system.
- (6)
- Authority. The establishment of an evaluation system for the LVIGE is of great significance to future decision-making, so it is necessary to ensure the authority of the evaluation index system. Authority is mainly reflected in the selection of indicators and the indicator data sources and should be selected as far as possible in the government, statistics bureau, other official authorities statistics, and the published indicators are generally accompanied by a more detailed, specific meaning and a statistical caliber description, where the statistical methods are relatively scientific and authoritative. The relevant data can be searched in the statistical yearbook with authority and accuracy. At the same time, the construction of the LVIGE system also selects indicators according to the relevant government policies. The Chinese government believes that rural areas should also pay attention to ecological development in the process of developing the economy and culture.
3.2. Evaluation System Assignment Method
- (1)
- As the units of measurement of the indicators are not uniform, the normalization of indicators should be standardized before using them to calculate the comprehensive indicators, that is, the absolute value of the indicators is converted into a relative value to solve the homogenization problem of different quality indicators. In addition, the values of positive and negative indicators represent different meanings. Therefore, different algorithms need to be adopted for the data standardization processing of positive and negative indicators.
- (2)
- Calculate the proportion of the i sample value for item j in this index.
- (3)
- Calculate the entropy of the -th index.
- (4)
- Compute the information entropy redundancy (variance).
- (5)
- Calculate the weights of each indicator.
- (6)
- The combined score for each sample was calculated.
3.3. The Selection of Evaluation System Index
- (1)
- I represents the importance of the indicator, d represents the relative density of the indicator, f represents the relative frequency of the indicator, and s represents the relative significance of the indicator.
- (2)
- ti is the number of occurrences of item i in all the literature. represents the number of occurrences of all k indices in the entire literature.
- (3)
- ni is the number of the literature in item i, and N is the number of all the literature examined.
- (4)
- wij represents the weight of index i in article j.
- (1)
- Construction of economic production
- (2)
- Social and cultural construction
- (3)
- Ecological environment construction
4. Evaluation and Analysis of LVIGE
4.1. Data Source and Description
4.2. Measurement Process and Evaluation Result
5. Analysis of the Evaluation Results of LVIGE in Chinese Provinces
5.1. LVIGE Score and Ranking Analysis
5.2. LVIGE Grading Analysis
5.3. Analysis of LVIGE District Division
6. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Target Layer | Criterion Layer | Index Level | Index Attribute |
---|---|---|---|
Landscape- and village-integrated green governance (LVIGE) | Economic production construction | X1 | positive |
X2 | positive | ||
X3 | positive | ||
X4 | positive | ||
X5 | positive | ||
Social and cultural construction | X6 | positive | |
X7 | positive | ||
X8 | negative | ||
X9 | positive | ||
X10 | positive | ||
Ecological environment construction | X11 | negative | |
X12 | positive | ||
X13 | positive | ||
X14 | positive | ||
X15 | positive | ||
X16 | negative | ||
X17 | positive | ||
X18 | positive | ||
X19 | positive |
Index | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X6 | X7 | X8 | X9 | X10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
entropy | 0.9660 | 0.9701 | 0.9480 | 0.9161 | 0.9632 | 0.9443 | 0.9903 | 0.9931 | 0.9780 | 0.9557 |
difference coefficient | 0.0340 | 0.0299 | 0.0523 | 0.0839 | 0.0368 | 0.0557 | 0.0097 | 0.0069 | 0.0220 | 0.0443 |
X11 | X12 | X13 | X14 | X15 | X16 | X17 | X18 | X19 | ||
entropy | 0.9913 | 0.9952 | 0.9958 | 0.9636 | 0.9408 | 0.9861 | 0.9459 | 0.9949 | 0.9454 | |
difference coefficient | 0.0087 | 0.0048 | 0.0042 | 0.0364 | 0.0592 | 0.0139 | 0.0541 | 0.0051 | 0.0546 |
Target Layer | Criterion Layer | Index Level | Weight Results |
---|---|---|---|
Landscape- and village-integrated green governance (LVIGE) | Economic production construction (0.3844191) | X1 | 0.05520112 |
X2 | 0.0484262 | ||
X3 | 0.08491117 | ||
X4 | 0.13610622 | ||
X5 | 0.05977439 | ||
Social and cultural construction (0.22466432) | X6 | 0.09029397 | |
X7 | 0.01572151 | ||
X8 | 0.0111227 | ||
X9 | 0.03570861 | ||
X10 | 0.07181753 | ||
Ecological environment construction (0.3909166) | X11 | 0.01409085 | |
X12 | 0.00781971 | ||
X13 | 0.00677985 | ||
X14 | 0.0590224 | ||
X15 | 0.09600119 | ||
X16 | 0.02252747 | ||
X17 | 0.08782294 | ||
X18 | 0.00827794 | ||
X19 | 0.08857425 |
District | Average Score of LVIGE | Ranking | District | Average Score of LVIGE | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shandong | 0.5531 | 1 | Fujian | 0.3232 | 16 |
Henan | 0.4741 | 2 | Guangxi | 0.3171 | 17 |
Sichuan | 0.4669 | 3 | Shanxi | 0.2873 | 18 |
Jiangsu | 0.4358 | 4 | Jilin | 0.2809 | 19 |
Heilongjiang | 0.4339 | 5 | Xinjiang | 0.2760 | 20 |
Guangdong | 0.4070 | 6 | Guizhou | 0.2742 | 21 |
Heibei | 0.4047 | 7 | Chongqing | 0.2731 | 22 |
Hubei | 0.3907 | 8 | Beijing | 0.2611 | 23 |
Hunan | 0.3900 | 9 | Shanxi | 0.2570 | 24 |
Anhui | 0.3839 | 10 | Shanghai | 0.2397 | 25 |
Zhejiang | 0.3787 | 11 | Gansu | 0.2288 | 26 |
Inner mongolia | 0.3641 | 12 | Tianjin | 0.2201 | 27 |
Yunnan | 0.3397 | 13 | Hainan | 0.1858 | 28 |
Liaoning | 0.3330 | 14 | Ningxia | 0.1557 | 29 |
Jiangxi | 0.3318 | 15 | Qinghai | 0.1267 | 30 |
Rank | Value | Province |
---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 0.45 | Shandong, Henan, Sichuan |
Ⅱ | 0.35 | Jiangsu, Heilongjiang, Guangdong, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Inner mongolia |
Ⅲ | 0.25 | Yunnan, Liaoning, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Shanxi, Jilin, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Chongqing, Beijing, Shanxi |
Ⅳ | 0.2 | Shanghai, Gansu, Tianjin |
Ⅴ | X | Hainan, Ningxia, Qinghai |
Region | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern | 2.9503 | 3.0185 | 3.1407 | 3.2564 | 3.3580 | 3.4745 | 3.4586 | 3.6742 | 3.7852 | 3.9747 |
Central | 1.7902 | 1.9709 | 2.0506 | 2.1094 | 2.2124 | 2.2808 | 2.3415 | 2.4177 | 2.5041 | 2.5965 |
Western | 2.5294 | 2.7043 | 2.8270 | 2.9268 | 3.0428 | 3.1734 | 3.2803 | 3.4045 | 3.5301 | 3.6771 |
Northeast | 0.9444 | 0.9660 | 0.9845 | 1.0050 | 1.0274 | 1.0476 | 1.0596 | 1.1128 | 1.1461 | 1.1840 |
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Zhang, J.; Wang, Y. The Construction of the Landscape- and Village-Integrated Green Governance System Based on the Entropy Method: A Study from China. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091821
Zhang J, Wang Y. The Construction of the Landscape- and Village-Integrated Green Governance System Based on the Entropy Method: A Study from China. Agriculture. 2023; 13(9):1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091821
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jinsong, and Yiding Wang. 2023. "The Construction of the Landscape- and Village-Integrated Green Governance System Based on the Entropy Method: A Study from China" Agriculture 13, no. 9: 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091821