Effect of Water Conservation and Nitrogen Reduction on Root Growth and Yield in Spring Maize in Typical Sand Interlayered Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design and Field Practices
2.3. Sampling and Measurements
2.3.1. Root Sampling and Root Length and Surface Area Measurements
2.3.2. Maize Yield Determination
2.3.3. Water Use Efficiency
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Water and Fertilizer on Maize Root Parameters at the Grain Filling Stage
3.2. Spatial Distribution of Roots at Different Horizontal Positions at the Grain Filling Stage
3.3. Effects of Different Water-Saving and Nitrogen-Reducing Measures on Two-Dimensional RLD of Spring Maize
3.4. Response of Yield and WUE of Spring Maize to Varying Irrigation and Fertilisation Rates
3.5. Correlation between Root Parameters of Spring Maize, Yield, and WUE
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Position of Sand Layer | Depth/cm | Bulk Density/(g·cm−3) | Soil Particle Distribution % | Soil Texture | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay (<0.002 mm) | Silt (0.002~0.05 mm) | Sand (0.05~2 mm) | ||||
Typical depth (>40 cm) | 0–20 | 1.40 | 13.11 | 52.23 | 34.66 | Silt loam |
20–40 | 1.38 | 9.85 | 52.12 | 38.03 | Silt loam | |
40–50 | 1.43 | 12.32 | 65.88 | 21.80 | Silt loam | |
50–70 | 1.54 | 2.10 | 8.56 | 89.34 | Sand | |
70–120 | 1.48 | 22.25 | 65.99 | 11.76 | Silt loam |
Treatments | Irrigation Quarto (mm) | Total Irrigation Quarto (mm) | Nitrogen Quarto (kg/ha) | Total Nitrogen Quarto (kg/ha) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jointing Stage | Tasselling Stage | Milking Stage | Jointing Stage | Tasselling Stage | |||
I1F1 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 270 | 187.5 | 187.5 | 375 |
I1F2 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 270 | 150 | 150 | 300 |
I1F3 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 270 | 112.5 | 112.5 | 225 |
I2F1 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 216 | 187.5 | 187.5 | 375 |
I2F2 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 216 | 150 | 150 | 300 |
I2F3 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 216 | 112.5 | 112.5 | 225 |
I3F1 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 162 | 187.5 | 187.5 | 375 |
I3F2 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 162 | 150 | 150 | 300 |
I3F3 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 162 | 112.5 | 112.5 | 225 |
CK | 90 | 90 | 90 | 270 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Treatments | Root Length (cm) | Root Surface Area (cm2) | Root Diameter (mm) | Root Volume (cm3) | Maximum Depth of Root (cm) | Depth of Sand-Layer (cm) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | CK | 43,254.84d | 4633.14c | 0.32b | 42.75c | 80 | 80–90 | |
I100F240 | 7394.7 | 1961.77 | - | 72.34 | 100 | - | [24] | |
I100F180 | 7559.6 | 2067.78 | - | 79.7 | 100 | - | ||
I100F120 | 7355.5 | 1900.95 | - | 71.76 | 100 | - | ||
I2F1 | 59,074.69b | 6940.25a | 0.36a | 71.66a | 60 | 60–80 | ||
I2F2 | 65,592.97a | 7286.22a | 0.31b | 76.36a | 80 | 80–90 | ||
I2F3 | 50,667.24c | 5426.14b | 0.31b | 50.12b | 80 | 80–90 | ||
I60F240 | 5793.3 | 1456.42 | - | 49.56 | 100 | [24] | ||
I60F180 | 6020.9 | 1529.83 | - | 51.29 | 100 | |||
I60F120 | 6177.9 | 1571.34 | - | 55.01 | 100 | |||
2018 | CK | 20,638.68g | 3430.89f | 0.36e | 31.80g | 50 | 50–70 | |
I1F1 | 38,958.30e | 6231.18cd | 0.46ab | 100.43de | 60 | 60–90 | ||
I1F2 | 56,194.27b | 8190.47b | 0.44bc | 123.39bc | 70 | 70–90 | ||
I1F3 | 33,192.04f | 4718.26e | 0.48a | 117.51c | 50 | 50–70 | ||
I2F1 | 41,640.67de | 6797.74c | 0.48a | 138.66a | 60 | 60–80 | ||
I2F2 | 78,543.70a | 10,754.54a | 0.45abc | 129.01b | 70 | 70–90 | ||
I2F3 | 46,763.18c | 6443.71c | 0.39de | 108.84d | 50 | 50–70 | ||
I3F1 | 41,783.03de | 5718.99d | 0.42cd | 67.55f | 60 | 60–80 | ||
I3F2 | 45,176.99cd | 6280.27cd | 0.42cd | 96.26e | 70 | 70–90 | ||
I3F3 | 42,691.76de | 4938.63e | 0.37e | 73.64f | 50 | 50–70 | ||
Value of F | ||||||||
2016 | I | 3452.37 ** | 2092.46 ** | - | 113.12 ** | |||
F | 25.39 ** | 34.24 ** | - | 32.45 ** | ||||
I × F | 23.44 ** | 27.44 ** | - | 15.95 ** | ||||
2018 | I | 83.15 ** | 112.20 ** | 15.61 ** | 179.47 ** | |||
F | 190.06 ** | 189.60 ** | 7.41 * | 23.92 ** | ||||
I × F | 46.70 ** | 24.09 ** | 6.38 ** | 19.08 ** |
Treatment | Narrow Row 20 cm (NR20) | Wide Row 10 cm (WR10) | Wide Row 20 cm (WR20) | Wide Row 30 cm (WR30) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | I2F1 | 25,906.68a | 11,890.84b | 12,353.00b | 8924.17a |
I2F2 | 25,605.13a | 15,925.05a | 15,056.35a | 9006.44a | |
I2F3 | 19,885.30b | 11,466.26b | 10,009.30c | 9306.38a | |
CK | 20,373.34b | 9082.67c | 7631.60d | 6167.23b | |
2018 | I1F1 | 14,475.75f | 11,331.78cd | 7561.12c | 5589.64c |
I1F2 | 22,296.00b | 16,871.16b | 9458.62b | 7568.48b | |
I1F3 | 14,637.19f | 7652.62f | 5730.93d | 5171.30c | |
I2F1 | 17,968.69cd | 10,268.99de | 8905.85b | 4497.15d | |
I2F2 | 32,499.92a | 20,769.82a | 15,163.28a | 10,110.69a | |
I2F3 | 18,845.06c | 10,933.75cd | 8889.17b | 8095.20b | |
I3F1 | 17,019.29de | 9315.24e | 7904.99c | 7543.51b | |
I3F2 | 17,541.62cde | 10,817.23cd | 9285.92b | 7532.22b | |
I3F3 | 15,982.94ef | 11,458.41c | 9562.80b | 5687.61c | |
CK | 10,835.66g | 4268.16g | 3675.52e | 1859.28e | |
Value of F | |||||
2018 | I | 121.71 ** | 69.31 ** | 124.44 ** | 36.10 ** |
F | 189.05 ** | 274.30 ** | 145.47 ** | 123.24 ** | |
I × F | 46.94 ** | 81.38 ** | 49.69 ** | 60.90 ** |
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Sun, W.; Shi, H.; Li, X.; Miao, Q.; Yan, J.; Feng, Z.; Qi, Y.; Feng, W. Effect of Water Conservation and Nitrogen Reduction on Root Growth and Yield in Spring Maize in Typical Sand Interlayered Soil. Agriculture 2024, 14, 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030338
Sun W, Shi H, Li X, Miao Q, Yan J, Feng Z, Qi Y, Feng W. Effect of Water Conservation and Nitrogen Reduction on Root Growth and Yield in Spring Maize in Typical Sand Interlayered Soil. Agriculture. 2024; 14(3):338. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030338
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Wei, Haibin Shi, Xianyue Li, Qingfeng Miao, Jianwen Yan, Zhuangzhuang Feng, Yinglong Qi, and Weiying Feng. 2024. "Effect of Water Conservation and Nitrogen Reduction on Root Growth and Yield in Spring Maize in Typical Sand Interlayered Soil" Agriculture 14, no. 3: 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030338