Influence of Nonionic Surfactants on the Adsorption and Elution of Atrazine in Agriculturally Modified Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Soil Sample Treatment
- HCl-treat: The soil sample was initially mixed with HCl solution (0.1 mol/L) and then treated as outlined by Zhao et al. [20]. For this treatment, the great mass of sediment carbonate (mainly CaCO3 and MgCO3) was eliminated, and the percentage of organic carbon content of soil on dry-weight basis increased accordingly.
- H2O2-treat: following the procedure outlined by Zhao et al. [20]. After this treatment, the great mass of the soil organic carbon (approximately 90%) was removed due to the oxidation of H2O2.
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Adsorption Surfactants onto Soil
2.4. Adsorption of Atrazine in Soil–Surfactant–Water Mixtures
2.5. Elution Experiments of Atrazine from Soils
2.6. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Adsorption of Nonionic Surfactants on Soils with Different Chemical Treatments
3.2. Influence of Nonionic Surfactants on Atrazine Distribution between Water and Soil
3.3. Transport of Atrazine
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sediment Properties | Untreat | HCl-Treat | H2O2-Treat |
---|---|---|---|
foc a (%) | 2.26 | 2.76 | 1.02 |
CEC b (mmol/kg) | 92.0 | 100.7 | 82.7 |
pH | 5.68 | 5.02 | 5.88 |
Cosmid (φ c < 0.002 mm) (%) | 31.2 | 34.1 | 28.2 |
Powder (0.002 mm < φ < 0.02 mm) (%) | 32.6 | 32.4 | 33.5 |
Sand (φ > 0.02 mm) (%) | 36.1 | 33.5 | 38.2 |
Fe2O3 (%) | 5.6 | 5.4 | 6.1 |
Al2O3 (%) | 14.1 | 13.8 | 15.2 |
SiO2 (%) | 60.5 | 60.3 | 61.3 |
Surfactant | CH a | EO b | MW c (g/mol) | CMC d (mmol/L) | HLB e |
Briij30 | 12 | 4 | 362 | 0.0331 | 9.7 |
Tween-80 | 18 | 20 | 1308 | 0.0130 | 15.0 |
Organic pesticide | MW c (g/mol) | mole solubility (mg/L) | LogP f | ||
Atrazine | 215.68 | 30 | 1.53 |
Nonionic Surfactants | Soil Samples | K1 | K2 | n | Q0 (µmol/g) | R2 | a K2Cen−1 | b C0 (mmol/L) | Following Equation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tween-80 | untreat | 129.7 | 3.927 × 10−16 | 0.8568 | 3.483 | 0.9944 | 1.259 × 10−16 | 0.0211 | L-types |
HCl-treat | 288.2 | 1.000 × 10−41 | 1.067 | 4.367 | 0.9844 | 8.968 × 10−42 | 0.0446 | L-types | |
H2O2-treat | 28.86 | 7.054 × 103 | 3.2837 | 4.602 | 0.9987 | 1.179 × 103 | 0.0605 | S-types | |
Brij30 | untreat | 2.780 × 10−3 | 1.140 × 106 | 2.463 | 21.81 | 0.9966 | 1.081 × 105 | 0.0189 | S-types |
HCl-treat | 139.3 | 5.000 × 10−21 | 0.9201 | 17.59 | 0.9916 | 5.686 × 10−21 | 0.0788 | L-types | |
H2O2-treat | 47.21 | 6.955 × 106 | 8.420 | 29.47 | 0.9966 | 45.27 | 0.1481 | S-types |
Soils | a Ce (mmol/L) | Brij 30 | Tween-80 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linear Equations | R2 | Kd | Linear Equations | R2 | Kd | ||
untreat | 0 | b Q = 33.96 Ce | 0.9945 | 33.96 | Q = 33.96 Ce | 0.9945 | 33.96 |
0.008 (Ce < CMC) | Q = 34.75 Ce | 0.9991 | 34.75 | Q = 34.41 Ce | 0.9951 | 34.41 | |
0.01 (CMC < Ce < C0) | Q = 34.26 Ce | 0.9932 | 34.26 | Q = 32.23 Ce | 0.9922 | 32.23 | |
0.18 (C0 < Ce) | Q = 31.18 Ce | 0.9971 | 31.18 | Q = 29.53 Ce | 0.9941 | 29.53 | |
0.25 (C0 < Ce) | Q = 30.92 Ce | 0.9942 | 30.92 | Q = 28.08 Ce | 0.9942 | 28.08 | |
HCl-treat | 0 | Q = 35.68 Ce | 0.9991 | 35.68 | Q = 35.68 Ce | 0.9991 | 35.68 |
0.008 (Ce < CMC) | Q = 36.79 Ce | 0.9943 | 36.79 | Q = 37.19 Ce | 0.9938 | 37.19 | |
0.01 (CMC < Ce < C0) | Q = 30.82 Ce | 0.9941 | 30.82 | Q = 31.55 Ce | 0.9904 | 31.55 | |
0.18 (C0 < Ce) | Q = 34.16 Ce | 0.9985 | 34.16 | Q = 33.17 Ce | 0.9971 | 33.17 | |
0.25 (C0 < Ce) | Q = 33.83 Ce | 0.9991 | 33.83 | Q = 31.37 Ce | 0.9924 | 31.37 | |
H2O2-treat | 0 | Q = 23.89 Ce | 0.9937 | 23.89 | Q = 23.89 Ce | 0.9937 | 23.89 |
0.008 (Ce < CMC) | Q = 31.55 Ce | 0.9991 | 31.55 | Q = 32.27 Ce | 0.9992 | 32.27 | |
0.01 (CMC < Ce < C0) | Q = 32.21 Ce | 0.9955 | 35.21 | Q = 33.07 Ce | 0.9933 | 33.07 | |
0.18 (C0 < Ce) | Q = 21.09 Ce | 0.9975 | 21.09 | Q = 20. 61 Ce | 0.9934 | 20.61 | |
0.25 (C0 < Ce) | Q = 20.61 Ce | 0.9944 | 20.61 | Q = 19.19 Ce | 0.9935 | 19.19 |
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Zhao, N.; Yang, C. Influence of Nonionic Surfactants on the Adsorption and Elution of Atrazine in Agriculturally Modified Soils. Agriculture 2024, 14, 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050733
Zhao N, Yang C. Influence of Nonionic Surfactants on the Adsorption and Elution of Atrazine in Agriculturally Modified Soils. Agriculture. 2024; 14(5):733. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050733
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Na, and Chengjian Yang. 2024. "Influence of Nonionic Surfactants on the Adsorption and Elution of Atrazine in Agriculturally Modified Soils" Agriculture 14, no. 5: 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050733