Improvement in Natural Antioxidant Recovery from Sea Buckthorn Berries Using Predictive Model-Based Optimization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Antioxidant Extraction from SBB
2.3. Experimental Design
2.3.1. Plackett–Burman Design
2.3.2. Response Surface Methodology
2.4. Quantification of Total Phenolic Content
2.5. Evaluation of ABTS Cation Radical-Scavenging Activity
2.6. Evaluation of DPPH Free Radical-Scavenging Activity
2.7. Detection of Phytochemical Compounds by HPLC
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Selection of Significant Parameters in Antioxidant Extraction from Sea Buckthorn Using Plackett–Burman Design
3.2. Relationship between Extraction Parameters and Multiple Responses (Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content) by RSM
3.3. Experimental Validation of the Predicted Model: TPC and Antioxidant Activity
3.4. Detection of Phytochemical Compounds in SBB Extracts
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Symbol | Coded Level | |
---|---|---|---|---|
−1 | 1 | |||
Temperature | °C | A | 25 | 50 |
Time | h | B | 1 | 24 |
Ethanol concentration | % | C | 25 | 75 |
Agitation | rpm | D | 0 | 200 |
Solid loading | g/L | E | 50 | 200 |
Parameter | Unit | Symbol | Coded Level | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−2 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |||
Solid loading | rpm | D | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 |
Agitation | g/L | E | 0 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 |
Run Order | Parameter | Response | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A (°C) | B (h) | C (%, v/v) | D (rpm) | E (g/L) | ABTS Activity (%) | DPPH Activity (%) | |
1 | 50 | 24 | 25 | 200 | 200 | n.a. | n.a. |
2 | 25 | 24 | 75 | 0 | 200 | 94.03 | 32.38 |
3 | 50 | 1 | 75 | 200 | 50 | 48.66 | 9.73 |
4 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 200 | 200 | n.a. | n.a. |
5 | 25 | 1 | 75 | 0 | 200 | 94.93 | 22.81 |
6 | 25 | 1 | 25 | 200 | 50 | n.a. | n.a. |
7 | 50 | 1 | 25 | 0 | 200 | n.a. | n.a. |
8 | 50 | 24 | 25 | 0 | 50 | n.a. | n.a. |
9 | 50 | 24 | 75 | 0 | 50 | 73.96 | 21.61 |
10 | 25 | 24 | 75 | 200 | 50 | 65.75 | 13.32 |
11 | 50 | 1 | 75 | 200 | 200 | 90.00 | 25.56 |
12 | 25 | 1 | 25 | 0 | 50 | n.a. | n.a. |
Source | Sum of Squares | DF | Mean Squares | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABTS activity | Model | 19,315.36 | 5 | 3863.07 | 38.76 | 0.0002 |
A | 147.63 | 1 | 147.63 | 1.48 | 0.2693 | |
B | 0.0019 | 1 | 0.0019 | 0 | 0.9967 | |
C | 18,198.49 | 1 | 18,198.49 | 182.59 | <0.0001 | |
D | 285.26 | 1 | 285.26 | 2.86 | 0.1416 | |
E | 683.98 | 1 | 683.98 | 6.86 | 0.0396 | |
DPPH activity | Model | 1503.42 | 5 | 300.68 | 12.29 | 0.0042 |
A | 11.22 | 1 | 11.22 | 0.4585 | 0.5236 | |
B | 7.07 | 1 | 7.07 | 0.2889 | 0.6103 | |
C | 1310.4 | 1 | 1310.4 | 53.55 | 0.0003 | |
D | 66.22 | 1 | 66.22 | 2.71 | 0.1511 | |
E | 108.51 | 1 | 108.51 | 4.43 | 0.0798 |
Run Order | Actual Value | TPC (mg/mL) | ABTS Activity (%) | DPPH Activity (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D (rpm) | E (g/L) | ||||
1 | 50 | 100 | 0.15 | 21.57 | 47.96 |
2 | 150 | 100 | 0.11 | 15.51 | 37.24 |
3 | 50 | 150 | 0.16 | 22.98 | 49.68 |
4 | 150 | 150 | 0.19 | 28.89 | 57.72 |
5 | 0 | 125 | 0.16 | 23.74 | 55.17 |
6 | 200 | 125 | 0.16 | 21.52 | 48.02 |
7 | 100 | 75 | 0.09 | 14.34 | 35.20 |
8 | 100 | 175 | 0.20 | 29.09 | 59.38 |
9 | 100 | 125 | 0.16 | 23.54 | 51.30 |
10 | 100 | 125 | 0.16 | 23.48 | 51.60 |
11 | 100 | 125 | 0.16 | 23.54 | 51.51 |
12 | 100 | 125 | 0.16 | 23.55 | 51.50 |
13 | 100 | 125 | 0.16 | 23.60 | 51.76 |
TPC (mg/mL) | ABTS Activity (%) | DPPH Activity (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value |
Model | 587.48 | <0.0001 | 161.91 | <0.0001 | 40.64 | <0.0001 |
D | 12.86 | 0.0089 | 6.91 | 0.034 | 8.76 | 0.0211 |
E | 2550.61 | <0.0001 | 641.45 | <0.0001 | 151.41 | <0.0001 |
DE | 331.71 | <0.0001 | 140.53 | <0.0001 | 32.11 | 0.0008 |
D2 | 6.02 | 0.0439 | 5.13 | 0.0578 | 0.0054 | 0.9435 |
E2 | 25.75 | 0.0014 | 19.55 | 0.0031 | 10.15 | 0.0154 |
C.V.% | 1.17 | 2.22 | 3.32 | |||
R2 | 0.9976 | 0.9914 | 0.9667 | |||
Adjusted R2 | 0.9959 | 0.9853 | 0.9429 | |||
Predicted R2 | 0.9788 | 0.9302 | 0.7509 | |||
Adequacy precision | 85.840 | 43.275 | 21.515 |
Parameters | Actual Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
D: Agitation | 109.54 rpm | ||
E: Solid loading | 172.67 g/L | ||
Response | Predicted Value | Experimental Value | Actual Error |
Total phenol content | 0.20 mg/mL | 0.21 mg/mL | 5.00% |
ABTS activity | 29.72% | 27.27% | 8.24% |
DPPH activity | 59.53% | 58.16% | 2.30% |
Phytochemical Compounds | Detection Results | |
---|---|---|
1 | Catechin | Not detected |
2 | Caffeic acid | Detected |
3 | Syringic acid | Not detected |
4 | Vanillic acid | Detected |
5 | Rutin | Detected |
6 | Hesperidin | Not detected |
7 | Myricetin | Not detected |
8 | Luteolin | Not detected |
9 | Kaempferol | Not detected |
10 | Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) | Not detected |
11 | Vitamin B7 (biotin) | Not detected |
12 | Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | Detected |
13 | Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Not detected |
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Kim, S.; Lee, J.; Son, H.; Lee, K.H.; Chun, Y.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, T.; Yoo, H.Y. Improvement in Natural Antioxidant Recovery from Sea Buckthorn Berries Using Predictive Model-Based Optimization. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071095
Kim S, Lee J, Son H, Lee KH, Chun Y, Lee JH, Lee T, Yoo HY. Improvement in Natural Antioxidant Recovery from Sea Buckthorn Berries Using Predictive Model-Based Optimization. Agriculture. 2024; 14(7):1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071095
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Seunghee, Jeongho Lee, Hyerim Son, Kang Hyun Lee, Youngsang Chun, Ja Hyun Lee, Taek Lee, and Hah Young Yoo. 2024. "Improvement in Natural Antioxidant Recovery from Sea Buckthorn Berries Using Predictive Model-Based Optimization" Agriculture 14, no. 7: 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071095