Measuring the Digitization Level of China’s Grain Industry Chain and Its Spatial–Temporal Evolution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Indicator Construction and Measurement Analysis of the Digitization Level of China’s Grain Industry Chain
2.1. Indicator System of the Digitalization Level of the Grain Industry Chain
2.1.1. Concept Definition
2.1.2. Indicator Construction
2.2. Data Sources and Explanations
2.3. Measurement of the Level of Digitization of the Grain Chain
3. Regional Spatial–Temporal Differences in the Level of Digitization of China’s Grain Industry Chain
3.1. Results and Analyses of the Digitization Measurement of China’s Grain Industry Chain
3.2. Temporal Evolution of the Digitalization Level of China’s Grain Industry Chain
3.2.1. Four Major Economic Regions
3.2.2. Grain Functional Areas
3.3. Spatial Distribution of the Digitization Level of China’s Grain Industry Chain
4. Conclusions and Policy Implications
4.1. Conclusions
4.2. Policy Implications
4.3. Research Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primary Dimension | Secondary Dimension | Specific Indicator | Category of Indicators |
---|---|---|---|
Digital Infrastructure | Traditional digital infrastructure | Internet penetration (%) | Positive |
Number of Internet broadband access ports (10,000) | Positive | ||
Number of Internet broadband access subscribers (10,000) | Positive | ||
Number of Internet domain names (10,000) | Positive | ||
Number of Internet pages (10,000) | Positive | ||
New digital infrastructure | Number of mobile-phone base stations (10,000) | Positive | |
Number of IPV4 addresses (10,000) | Positive | ||
Mobile phone penetration rate (units/100 population) | Positive | ||
Length of fiber-optic lines (kilometers) | Positive | ||
Digital Technology Support | Digital industrialization | Revenue from software operations (CNY ten thousand) | Positive |
Total telecoms business (CNYone hundred million) | Positive | ||
Innovative capacity of food enterprises | Number of patents obtained by food enterprises (number) | Positive | |
Digitalization Funding | Investment in scientific research in food enterprises | Investment in research and development by food enterprises (CNY one hundred million) | Positive |
Digitalization of financial inclusion | Digitization of inclusive finance in the Peking University Digital Inclusive Finance Index | Positive | |
Investments such as the Internet of Things | Fixed investment in transport, storage, and postal services (CNY one hundred million) | Positive | |
Investment in food production | Investment in fixed assets in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries (CNY one hundred million) | Positive | |
Investment in the information technology industry | Fixed investment in information transmission, software, and information technology services (CNY one hundred million) | Positive | |
Digital Workforce | Support for professional and technical personnel in the food sector | Number of persons obtaining national vocational qualification certificates in the food industry (persons) | Positive |
Total number of professional and technical staff in the food industry (persons) | Positive | ||
Information technology talent support | Employment in urban units of the information transmission, software, and information technology services industry (10,000 persons) | Positive | |
Researcher support | Employees in scientific research and technical services (10,000 persons) | Positive | |
Undergraduate talent support | Undergraduate enrolment (persons) | Positive | |
Logistics staff support | Number of persons employed in the postal sector (persons) | Positive | |
Digitization of grain chain links | Digital production | Total power of agricultural machinery (10,000 kW) | Positive |
Number of operational agrometeorological observation stations (number) | Positive | ||
Rural electricity consumption (billion kWh) | Positive | ||
Digital warehousing | Grain enterprises with intact warehouses (10,000 tons) | Positive | |
Enterprise digital supply and marketing | Enterprise e-commerce purchases and e-commerce sales (CNYone hundred million) | Positive | |
National Modern Agriculture Demonstration Project | Number of national modern agricultural demonstration zones and industrial parks, and number of national demonstration parks for the integrated development of rural industries and agricultural industrialization countries (number) | Positive | |
Digital food industrialization levels | Number of Taobao villages (nos.) | Positive | |
Scope of services for information technology applications such as the Internet of Things | Urban delivery routes (kilometers) | Positive | |
Rural delivery routes (kilometers) | Positive | ||
Post office (Branch) | Positive |
District | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Rank | CAGR (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.1138 | 0.1399 | 0.1469 | 0.2045 | 0.2060 | 0.2227 | 0.2791 | 0.3009 | 0.3241 | 0.3352 | 0.3713 | 0.4035 | 5 | 12.2 |
Tianjin | 0.0247 | 0.0348 | 0.0420 | 0.0472 | 0.0505 | 0.0525 | 0.0543 | 0.0607 | 0.0682 | 0.0760 | 0.0817 | 0.0823 | 27 | 11.6 |
Hebei | 0.1005 | 0.1165 | 0.1363 | 0.1401 | 0.1442 | 0.1546 | 0.1739 | 0.1901 | 0.2195 | 0.2335 | 0.2364 | 0.2544 | 9 | 8.8 |
Shanxi | 0.0571 | 0.0685 | 0.0796 | 0.0797 | 0.0814 | 0.0865 | 0.0789 | 0.0895 | 0.0943 | 0.0992 | 0.0987 | 0.1044 | 22 | 5.6 |
Inner Mongolia | 0.0563 | 0.0640 | 0.0728 | 0.0780 | 0.0834 | 0.0903 | 0.1035 | 0.1012 | 0.1123 | 0.1097 | 0.1089 | 0.1107 | 20 | 6.3 |
Liaoning | 0.0830 | 0.1017 | 0.1129 | 0.1173 | 0.1287 | 0.1363 | 0.1239 | 0.1362 | 0.1361 | 0.1405 | 0.1366 | 0.1408 | 15 | 4.9 |
Jilin | 0.0624 | 0.0704 | 0.0786 | 0.0812 | 0.0855 | 0.0893 | 0.1019 | 0.1042 | 0.1004 | 0.1045 | 0.1002 | 0.1043 | 21 | 4.8 |
Heilongjiang | 0.0816 | 0.0944 | 0.1200 | 0.1162 | 0.1475 | 0.1465 | 0.1439 | 0.1327 | 0.1331 | 0.1388 | 0.1359 | 0.1408 | 14 | 5.1 |
Shanghai | 0.0564 | 0.0776 | 0.0999 | 0.1212 | 0.1363 | 0.1470 | 0.1564 | 0.1584 | 0.1814 | 0.1904 | 0.1830 | 0.2000 | 13 | 12.2 |
Jiangsu | 0.1646 | 0.1898 | 0.2429 | 0.2434 | 0.2860 | 0.2918 | 0.3204 | 0.3333 | 0.3912 | 0.4100 | 0.3869 | 0.4182 | 2 | 8.9 |
Zhejiang | 0.1146 | 0.1431 | 0.1542 | 0.1729 | 0.2068 | 0.2488 | 0.2787 | 0.3224 | 0.3624 | 0.3735 | 0.3847 | 0.4175 | 4 | 12.5 |
Anhui | 0.1177 | 0.1196 | 0.1504 | 0.1484 | 0.1713 | 0.1805 | 0.1952 | 0.2278 | 0.2343 | 0.2092 | 0.2426 | 0.2553 | 8 | 7.3 |
Fujian | 0.0828 | 0.0904 | 0.0943 | 0.0961 | 0.1239 | 0.1495 | 0.1935 | 0.1966 | 0.2094 | 0.2004 | 0.2128 | 0.2248 | 12 | 9.5 |
Jiangxi | 0.0597 | 0.0667 | 0.0712 | 0.0697 | 0.0866 | 0.1009 | 0.1193 | 0.1287 | 0.1253 | 0.1356 | 0.1416 | 0.1484 | 17 | 8.6 |
Shandong | 0.1545 | 0.1824 | 0.2473 | 0.2473 | 0.2521 | 0.2674 | 0.2939 | 0.3087 | 0.3315 | 0.3569 | 0.3702 | 0.3933 | 3 | 8.9 |
Henan | 0.1128 | 0.1451 | 0.1707 | 0.1603 | 0.2034 | 0.2209 | 0.2636 | 0.2751 | 0.3035 | 0.3205 | 0.3297 | 0.3449 | 6 | 10.7 |
Hubei | 0.0927 | 0.1074 | 0.1319 | 0.1254 | 0.1496 | 0.1579 | 0.1737 | 0.1842 | 0.2064 | 0.2066 | 0.2138 | 0.2270 | 11 | 8.5 |
Hunan | 0.1149 | 0.1177 | 0.1471 | 0.1331 | 0.1473 | 0.1488 | 0.1771 | 0.1822 | 0.2123 | 0.2133 | 0.2134 | 0.2197 | 10 | 6.1 |
Guangdong | 0.1525 | 0.1982 | 0.2675 | 0.2730 | 0.3090 | 0.3406 | 0.3872 | 0.4455 | 0.4985 | 0.5336 | 0.5291 | 0.5647 | 1 | 12.6 |
Guangxi | 0.0478 | 0.0566 | 0.0679 | 0.0721 | 0.0781 | 0.0875 | 0.0976 | 0.1092 | 0.1281 | 0.1439 | 0.1444 | 0.1532 | 19 | 11.2 |
Hainan | 0.0102 | 0.0147 | 0.0194 | 0.0220 | 0.0274 | 0.0270 | 0.0300 | 0.0319 | 0.0369 | 0.0377 | 0.0405 | 0.0436 | 29 | 14.2 |
Chongqing | 0.0400 | 0.0478 | 0.0608 | 0.0586 | 0.0644 | 0.0709 | 0.0758 | 0.0870 | 0.0969 | 0.1085 | 0.1112 | 0.1258 | 23 | 11.0 |
Sichuan | 0.1012 | 0.1133 | 0.1350 | 0.1389 | 0.1646 | 0.1984 | 0.2254 | 0.2627 | 0.2798 | 0.2916 | 0.3006 | 0.3157 | 7 | 10.9 |
Guizhou | 0.0333 | 0.0374 | 0.0484 | 0.0500 | 0.0544 | 0.0625 | 0.0755 | 0.0980 | 0.1116 | 0.1170 | 0.1218 | 0.1297 | 24 | 13.2 |
Yunnan | 0.0547 | 0.0611 | 0.0741 | 0.0741 | 0.0758 | 0.0887 | 0.1001 | 0.1151 | 0.1330 | 0.1448 | 0.1489 | 0.1615 | 18 | 10.3 |
Shaanxi | 0.0616 | 0.0700 | 0.0835 | 0.0924 | 0.0925 | 0.1004 | 0.1096 | 0.1240 | 0.1384 | 0.1439 | 0.1392 | 0.1419 | 16 | 7.9 |
Gansu | 0.0420 | 0.0465 | 0.0541 | 0.0571 | 0.0551 | 0.0566 | 0.0574 | 0.0641 | 0.0729 | 0.0791 | 0.0793 | 0.0827 | 26 | 6.4 |
Qinghai | 0.0110 | 0.0144 | 0.0173 | 0.0182 | 0.0232 | 0.0226 | 0.0254 | 0.0279 | 0.0308 | 0.0317 | 0.0335 | 0.0362 | 30 | 11.5 |
Ningxia | 0.0129 | 0.0153 | 0.0223 | 0.0204 | 0.0261 | 0.0303 | 0.0347 | 0.0384 | 0.0348 | 0.0338 | 0.0365 | 0.0374 | 28 | 10.1 |
Xinjiang | 0.0404 | 0.0489 | 0.0586 | 0.0568 | 0.0624 | 0.0641 | 0.0708 | 0.0767 | 0.0836 | 0.0898 | 0.0956 | 0.0952 | 25 | 8.1 |
National Average | 0.0752 | 0.0885 | 0.1069 | 0.1105 | 0.1241 | 0.1347 | 0.1507 | 0.1638 | 0.1797 | 0.1870 | 0.1910 | 0.2026 | - | 9.4 |
Year | Theil’s Index | Theil’s Index Contribution | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | East | Central | West | Northeastern | Regional | Intra-Regional | East | Central | West | Northeastern | Regional | Intra-Regional | |
2011 | 0.1646 | 0.1681 | 0.0401 | 0.1351 | 0.0080 | 0.1132 | 0.0514 | 0.4408 | 0.0599 | 0.1821 | 0.0049 | 0.6877 | 0.3123 |
2012 | 0.1637 | 0.1561 | 0.0381 | 0.1251 | 0.0118 | 0.1071 | 0.0566 | 0.4267 | 0.0549 | 0.1657 | 0.0072 | 0.6545 | 0.3456 |
2013 | 0.1745 | 0.1754 | 0.0468 | 0.1143 | 0.0159 | 0.1166 | 0.0579 | 0.4546 | 0.0628 | 0.1418 | 0.0088 | 0.6680 | 0.3320 |
2014 | 0.1744 | 0.1587 | 0.0421 | 0.1211 | 0.0134 | 0.1116 | 0.0629 | 0.4301 | 0.0522 | 0.1500 | 0.0073 | 0.6396 | 0.3604 |
2015 | 0.1763 | 0.1526 | 0.0507 | 0.1216 | 0.0243 | 0.1107 | 0.0656 | 0.4051 | 0.0649 | 0.1444 | 0.0134 | 0.6278 | 0.3722 |
2016 | 0.1776 | 0.1526 | 0.0477 | 0.1408 | 0.0212 | 0.1147 | 0.0629 | 0.4043 | 0.0594 | 0.1711 | 0.0110 | 0.6458 | 0.3542 |
2017 | 0.1876 | 0.1542 | 0.0625 | 0.1449 | 0.0097 | 0.1199 | 0.0676 | 0.3942 | 0.0742 | 0.1667 | 0.0042 | 0.6394 | 0.3606 |
2018 | 0.1887 | 0.1617 | 0.0585 | 0.1519 | 0.0069 | 0.1249 | 0.0638 | 0.4096 | 0.0686 | 0.1809 | 0.0028 | 0.6619 | 0.3381 |
2019 | 0.1957 | 0.1610 | 0.0655 | 0.1514 | 0.0089 | 0.1275 | 0.0681 | 0.4003 | 0.0730 | 0.1754 | 0.0031 | 0.6518 | 0.3482 |
2020 | 0.1961 | 0.1637 | 0.0627 | 0.1519 | 0.0087 | 0.1290 | 0.0670 | 0.4089 | 0.0675 | 0.1787 | 0.0030 | 0.6581 | 0.3419 |
2021 | 0.1943 | 0.1575 | 0.0651 | 0.1497 | 0.0097 | 0.1261 | 0.0683 | 0.3955 | 0.0725 | 0.1775 | 0.0032 | 0.6488 | 0.3512 |
2022 | 0.1996 | 0.1597 | 0.0644 | 0.1511 | 0.0093 | 0.1278 | 0.0718 | 0.3952 | 0.0690 | 0.1731 | 0.0029 | 0.6403 | 0.3597 |
Year | Theil’s Index | Theil’s Index Contribution | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | Major Grain-Producing Areas | Major Grain Purchasing Areas | Grain Production and Marketing Balance Areas | Regional | Intra-Regional | Major Grain-Producing Areas | Major Grain Purchasing Areas | Grain Production and Marketing Balance Areas | Regional | Intra-Regional | |
2011 | 0.1646 | 0.0507 | 0.2124 | 0.0980 | 0.0989 | 0.0658 | 0.1777 | 0.3171 | 0.1057 | 0.6006 | 0.3994 |
2012 | 0.1637 | 0.0533 | 0.2026 | 0.0928 | 0.0996 | 0.0641 | 0.1827 | 0.3259 | 0.0996 | 0.6082 | 0.3918 |
2013 | 0.1745 | 0.0710 | 0.2158 | 0.0819 | 0.1102 | 0.0644 | 0.2305 | 0.3178 | 0.0829 | 0.6312 | 0.3688 |
2014 | 0.1744 | 0.0689 | 0.2058 | 0.0889 | 0.1111 | 0.0634 | 0.2143 | 0.3334 | 0.0891 | 0.6368 | 0.3632 |
2015 | 0.1763 | 0.0669 | 0.1953 | 0.0698 | 0.1039 | 0.0724 | 0.2090 | 0.3152 | 0.0653 | 0.5894 | 0.4106 |
2016 | 0.1776 | 0.0636 | 0.2033 | 0.0739 | 0.1064 | 0.0712 | 0.1935 | 0.3364 | 0.0690 | 0.5989 | 0.4011 |
2017 | 0.1876 | 0.0667 | 0.2098 | 0.0712 | 0.1111 | 0.0765 | 0.1900 | 0.3412 | 0.0609 | 0.5921 | 0.4079 |
2018 | 0.1887 | 0.0716 | 0.2251 | 0.0746 | 0.1195 | 0.0692 | 0.1983 | 0.3681 | 0.0668 | 0.6332 | 0.3668 |
2019 | 0.1957 | 0.0847 | 0.2236 | 0.0866 | 0.1283 | 0.0673 | 0.2236 | 0.3563 | 0.0759 | 0.6558 | 0.3442 |
2020 | 0.1961 | 0.0895 | 0.2278 | 0.0925 | 0.1331 | 0.0629 | 0.2337 | 0.3619 | 0.0834 | 0.6790 | 0.3210 |
2021 | 0.1943 | 0.0894 | 0.2213 | 0.0868 | 0.1304 | 0.0639 | 0.2342 | 0.3583 | 0.0787 | 0.6712 | 0.3288 |
2022 | 0.1996 | 0.0940 | 0.2248 | 0.0892 | 0.1348 | 0.0648 | 0.2381 | 0.3588 | 0.0785 | 0.6754 | 0.3246 |
Year | HH (Facilitation Zone) | LH (Transition Zone) | LL (Low-Level Zone) | HL (Radiation Area) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hebei, Hubei | Hainan, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Chongqing, Shanxi | Guizhou, Jilin, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang | Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan |
2012 | Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei, Anhui, Fujian, Hubei | Hainan, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Shanxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang | Liaoning, Hunan, Beijing, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Guangdong |
2013 | Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei, Hubei, | Shanghai, Hainan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Tianjin, Guangxi, Shanxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang | Hunan, Liaoning, Beijing, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Sichuan |
2014 | Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui, Shanghai, Hebei, Henan, Zhejiang | Hainan, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Shanxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang | Hubei, Hunan, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan |
2015 | Shanghai, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei, Fujian | Hainan, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Shanxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang | Hunan, Liaoning, Beijing, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Sichuan |
2016 | Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei | Hainan, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Shanxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang | Hunan, Hubei, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan |
2017 | Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei | Hainan, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Shanxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Heilongjiang | Hunan, Hubei, Beijing, Guangdong, Beijing, Sichuan |
2018 | Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei | Hainan, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shanxi | Hunan, Hubei, Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan |
2019 | Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei, Hunan, Shanghai | Hainan, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Shanxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Heilongjiang | Hunan, Hubei, Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan |
2020 | Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei, Hunan | Hainan, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Shanxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Heilongjiang | Hubei, Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan |
2021 | Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei, Hunan | Hainan, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shanxi | Hubei, Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan |
2022 | Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hunan, Hebei | Shanghai, Hainan, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guangxi | Chongqing, Jilin, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shanxi | Hubei, Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan |
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Huang, Q.; Guo, W.; Chen, Y. Measuring the Digitization Level of China’s Grain Industry Chain and Its Spatial–Temporal Evolution. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081371
Huang Q, Guo W, Chen Y. Measuring the Digitization Level of China’s Grain Industry Chain and Its Spatial–Temporal Evolution. Agriculture. 2024; 14(8):1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081371
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Qingqing, Wenjing Guo, and Yanchi Chen. 2024. "Measuring the Digitization Level of China’s Grain Industry Chain and Its Spatial–Temporal Evolution" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081371