Characterizing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Disasters and Climates to Evaluate Hazards to Crop Production in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Data
2.2.1. Meteorological Data
2.2.2. Disaster Data
2.3. Hazard Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Principal Component Analysis
2.4.2. Cluster Analysis
2.4.3. Trend Analysis
2.4.4. Linear Model
3. Results
3.1. Disaster Distribution and Hazard Variation
3.1.1. Temporal Patterns of Disaster Frequency
3.1.2. Spatial Patterns of Disaster Frequency
3.1.3. Spatiotemporal Variations in Disaster Hazards
3.2. PCs of Weather Variables
3.3. Cluster of Climate Patterns
3.3.1. Determination of Cluster Number
3.3.2. Climate Clusters
3.3.3. Cluster Frequency
3.4. Effects of Climate on Disaster Hazards
4. Discussion
4.1. Threat of Disasters under Climate Change
4.1.1. Cold Waves
4.1.2. Droughts
4.1.3. Rains
4.1.4. Tropical Storms
5. Conclusions
- Although the frequency of tropical storm disasters decreased, the frequency of other disasters exhibited a significant upward trend due to the increasing frequency of cold wave and rain disasters.
- Overall, the disaster hazard index values did not increase from 2003 to 2022.
- The increasing hazard index values for cold waves and rain disasters indicate an urgent requirement for mitigation and adaptation strategies to manage them.
- Given the variations in the disaster patterns and hazard trends across Taiwan’s four regions, region-specific strategies are required to address disaster hazards.
- The results of multivariate analysis revealed that temperature and other weather information, such as that regarding precipitation and wind speed for each month, characterize climate patterns.
- The climate in Taiwan, especially in summer, has shifted from wet to dry.
- Climate clusters significantly affect the hazard index values of all disasters.
- The primary climate clusters after 2012 exhibited a relatively high hazard index value for cold waves, droughts, and rain disasters.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disaster Classification | Entire Taiwan | Northern | Central | Southern | Eastern | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tau-b † | p Value † | tau-b | p Value | tau-b | p Value | tau-b | p Value | tau-b | p Value | tau-b | p Value | |
All disasters | 0.598 | <0.001 | 0.221 | 0.173 | 0.063 | 0.697 | 0.253 | 0.119 | 0.295 | 0.069 | −0.316 | 0.052 |
Cold wave | 0.512 | <0.01 | 0.31 | 0.064 | 0.118 | 0.51 | 0.346 | <0.05 | 0.385 | 0.055 | 0.105 | 0.586 |
Drought | 0.281 | 0.238 | 0.256 | 0.222 | −0.111 | 0.655 | −0.2 | 0.624 | 0.4 | 0.327 | −0.222 | 0.404 |
Rain | 0.567 | <0.001 | 0.411 | <0.05 | 0.015 | 0.934 | 0.255 | 0.14 | 0.509 | <0.01 | 0.2 | 0.299 |
Tropical storm | −0.489 | <0.01 | −0.484 | <0.01 | −0.346 | <0.05 | −0.415 | <0.05 | −0.505 | <0.01 | −0.505 | <0.01 |
Wind | 0.218 | 0.433 | 0.2 | 0.421 | 0.167 | 0.532 |
Cluster | Frequency | Defining Characteristics |
---|---|---|
1 | 61 | Low total precipitation and precipitation intensity in summer. Cold in February and hot in July. |
2 | 72 | High temperature throughout the year. Dry in winter and spring. |
3 | 14 | Cold in winter and early spring. Relatively wet in February, March, May, June, July, and August. |
4 | 22 | Warm and dry in spring, fall, and winter. Extremely wet with high frequency of strong winds in July. |
5 | 24 | Dry in late spring and summer. Wet in fall. High wind speed in fall and winter. |
6 | 32 | Cool and wet in spring, fall, and winter. |
7 | 6 | High temperature throughout the year. Extreme high temperatures from May to September. Dry in spring, fall, and winter. |
8 | 27 | Low temperature and wind speed throughout the year. High frequency of heavy rain in September. |
9 | 21 | Cold in January and February. |
10 | 8 | Wet with low temperatures in spring, fall, and winter. Extremely wet in October. |
11 | 13 | High frequency of heavy rain in April and August. Dry in fall. |
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Su, Y.-C.; Wu, C.-Y.; Kuo, B.-J. Characterizing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Disasters and Climates to Evaluate Hazards to Crop Production in Taiwan. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081384
Su Y-C, Wu C-Y, Kuo B-J. Characterizing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Disasters and Climates to Evaluate Hazards to Crop Production in Taiwan. Agriculture. 2024; 14(8):1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081384
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Yuan-Chih, Chun-Yi Wu, and Bo-Jein Kuo. 2024. "Characterizing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Disasters and Climates to Evaluate Hazards to Crop Production in Taiwan" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081384