The Crop Phosphorus Uptake, Use Efficiency, and Budget under Long-Term Manure and Fertilizer Application in a Rice–Wheat Planting System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Site and Design
2.2. Yield Monitoring, Sampling, and Laboratory Analysis
2.3. Data Processing
2.3.1. Calculation of P Uptake
2.3.2. Calculation of P-Use Efficiency
2.3.3. Calculation of Soil P Budget
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Crop Yield and Biomass
3.2. Crop P Concentration and P Uptake
3.3. P-Use Efficiency
3.4. P Budget
3.5. Changes in Soil Available P and Transformation of Residual Fertilizer P
3.6. Relationships Among Soil P Parameters and Crop Yield
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Fertilization on Crop Yield and Biomass
4.2. Effect of Fertilization on Crop P Concentration and Uptake
4.3. Effect of Fertilization on P-Use Efficiency
4.4. P Budget and Transformation of Residual Fertilizer P in the Soil
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Basal Fertilizer (kg ha−1) | Supplementary Fertilizer (kg ha−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical Fertilizer | Manure | First | Second | |||||
N | P | K | N | P | K | N | N | |
Rice | ||||||||
CK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
N | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 18 |
NP | 36 | 19.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 18 |
NPK | 36 | 19.6 | 74.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 18 |
M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.6 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 0 | 0 |
MN | 36 | 0 | 0 | 52.6 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 36 | 18 |
MNP | 36 | 19.6 | 0 | 52.6 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 36 | 18 |
MNPK | 36 | 19.6 | 74.7 | 52.6 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 36 | 18 |
Wheat | ||||||||
CK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
N | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 15 |
NP | 30 | 13.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 15 |
NPK | 30 | 13.1 | 49.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 15 |
M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.6 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 0 | 0 |
MN | 30 | 0 | 0 | 52.6 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 15 | 15 |
MNP | 30 | 13.1 | 0 | 52.6 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 15 | 15 |
MNPK | 30 | 13.1 | 49.8 | 52.6 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 15 | 15 |
Treatment | Rice Yield (kg ha−1) | Wheat Yield (kg ha−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Grain | Straw | Grain | Straw | |
CK | 4183.6 d | 4765.0 d | 1195.5 d | 1513.7 d |
N | 5440.8 c | 5546.1 c | 1266.3 d | 1590.3 d |
NP | 5858.9 b | 5847.6 b | 2144.0 c | 2568.1 c |
NPK | 6011.4 b | 6102.1 b | 2410.1 bc | 2944.0 b |
M | 5997.3 b | 6246.7 b | 2645.6 b | 3058.6 b |
MN | 6456.9 a | 6494.5 ab | 3101.1 a | 3644.2 a |
MNP | 6338.8 a | 6623.1 a | 3201.5 a | 3883.7 a |
MNPK | 6389.1 a | 6821.0 a | 3298.7 a | 4056.9 a |
Item | Crop P Content (g kg−1) | Crop P Uptake (kg P ha−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice | Wheat | Rice | Wheat | |||||||
Grain | Straw | Grain | Straw | Grain | Straw | Sum | Grain | Straw | Sum | |
CK | 2.68 b | 0.58 b | 3.85 c | 0.35 b | 12.05 c | 2.78 c | 14.84 d | 4.60 d | 0.53 d | 5.13 e |
N | 2.60 b | 0.47 b | 3.17 d | 0.29 b | 14.71 b | 2.63 c | 17.34 c | 4.01 d | 0.46 d | 4.47 e |
NP | 2.95 a | 0.71 a | 4.28 b | 0.41 b | 17.96 a | 4.13 b | 22.09 b | 9.18 c | 1.06 c | 10.24 d |
NPK | 2.94 a | 0.65 ab | 4.54 a | 0.40 b | 17.65 a | 3.94 b | 21.59 b | 10.95 b | 1.19 c | 12.13 d |
M | 2.86 a | 0.75 a | 4.60 a | 0.72 a | 17.14 a | 4.67 b | 21.81 b | 12.18 b | 2.35 b | 14.53 c |
MN | 2.89 a | 0.75 a | 4.49 a | 0.75 a | 18.69 a | 4.87 b | 23.56 a | 13.92 a | 2.41 b | 16.33 bc |
MNP | 2.88 a | 0.83 a | 4.37 b | 0.80 a | 18.26 a | 5.48 a | 23.74 a | 13.99 a | 2.95 a | 16.93 ab |
MNPK | 3.07 a | 0.84 a | 4.62 a | 0.82 a | 18.86 a | 5.65 a | 24.51 a | 15.26 a | 3.31 a | 18.57 a |
Item | NP | NPK | M | MN | MNP | MNPK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total P input (kg ha−1) | 1133 | 1133 | 2190 | 2190 | 3323 | 3323 |
P uptake by crops (kg ha−1) | 1121 | 1168 | 1257 | 1380 | 1407 | 1489 |
P uptake by crops from fertilizer (kg ha−1) | 427 | 474 | 563 | 686 | 713 | 795 |
Residual fertilizer P in the soil (kg ha−1) | 706 | 659 | 1627 | 1504 | 2610 | 2528 |
Change of available P (kg ha−1) | 32 | 32 | 311 | 286 | 300 | 336 |
Ratio of residual P converted to available P (%) | 4.49 | 4.82 | 19.09 | 19.00 | 11.50 | 13.28 |
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Liu, D.; Xiao, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Qiao, Y.; Chen, Y.; Wu, H.; Hu, C. The Crop Phosphorus Uptake, Use Efficiency, and Budget under Long-Term Manure and Fertilizer Application in a Rice–Wheat Planting System. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081393
Liu D, Xiao Z, Zhang Z, Qiao Y, Chen Y, Wu H, Hu C. The Crop Phosphorus Uptake, Use Efficiency, and Budget under Long-Term Manure and Fertilizer Application in a Rice–Wheat Planting System. Agriculture. 2024; 14(8):1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081393
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Donghai, Zhuoxi Xiao, Zhi Zhang, Yan Qiao, Yunfeng Chen, Haicheng Wu, and Cheng Hu. 2024. "The Crop Phosphorus Uptake, Use Efficiency, and Budget under Long-Term Manure and Fertilizer Application in a Rice–Wheat Planting System" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081393