Influence of Biochar-Reinforced Hydrogel Composites on Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Bean Plants and Soil Microbial Activities under Different Moisture Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil and Biochar–Hydrogel Composites
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Biochemical Analysis of Plant Leaves
2.4. Soil Microorganisms
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity
3.2. Effects of Biochar–Hydrogel Composite and Moisture Regime on Plants
3.2.1. Germination, Plant Growth, and Relative Water Content
3.2.2. Photosynthetic Pigments
3.2.3. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
3.3. Effects of Biochar–Hydrogel Composite and Moisture Regime on Soil Microorganisms
3.4. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Biochar–Hydrogel Composite and Moisture Regime on Plants
4.1.1. Germination, Plant Growth, and Relative Water Content
4.1.2. Photosynthetic Pigments
4.1.3. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
4.2. Effects of Biochar–Hydrogel Composite and Moisture Regime on Soil Microorganisms
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biochar-Doped Hydrogel Type | Maximum Swelling Degree in Free Water | Re-Swelling Capacity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Cycle | 2nd Cycle | 3rd Cycle | ||
0.25% PTB-doped hydrogel | 77.52% | 51.5% | 57.1% | 55.5% |
1% PTB-doped hydrogel | 141.05% | 94.7% | 127.2% | 124.3% |
0.25% OTB-doped hydrogel | 87.50% | 96.8% | 84.9% | 82.6% |
1% OTB-doped hydrogel | 84.06% | 87.3% | 69.2% | 68.3% |
Soil Moisture | pHw (1:2.5) | ECw (1:5) (µS/cm) | |
---|---|---|---|
70% WHC | Control | 7.4 ± 0.1 a | 269 ± 19 ab |
0.25% PTB | 7.4 ± 0.1 a | 287 ± 23 a | |
1% PTB | 7.5 ± 0.1 a | 228 ± 30 bc | |
0.25% OTB | 7.44 ± 0.05 a | 208 ± 14 c | |
1% OTB | 7.37 ± 0.08 a | 227 ± 31 bc | |
40% WHC | Control | 7.30 ± 0.03 AB | 364 ± 28 BC |
0.25% PTB | 7.09 ± 0.03 C | 545 ± 37 A | |
1% PTB | 7.31 ± 0.05 A | 318 ± 15 C | |
0.25% OTB | 7.1 ± 0.1 C | 444 ± 75 B | |
1% OTB | 7.19 ± 0.06 BC | 337 ± 42 BC |
Moisture Regime | Hydrogel Composite Type | Moisture Regime × Hydrogel Composite Type | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Plant weight | 0.0072 | - | - | |
Photosynthetic pigments | CHLa | 0.0000 | - | - |
CHLb | 0.0000 | - | - | |
Carotenoids | 0.0235 | - | - | |
CHLa/b | - | - | 0.0147 | |
Carot/CHLtotal | 0.0000 | - | - | |
Stress oxidative biomarkers | ROS | - | - | - |
CAT | 0.0000 | 0.0008 | 0.0012 | |
APX | 0.0000 | 0.0025 | 0.0234 | |
GPOD | 0.0000 | 0.0045 | - | |
Protein | 0.0000 | 0.0008 | 0.0064 | |
MDA | 0.0012 | 0.0252 | - | |
Soil microorganisms | C transformation | - | 0.0102 | - |
Ammonium oxidase | 0.0000 | 0.0013 | - | |
Phosphatase | 0.0066 | - | - | |
Dehydrogenase | 0.0142 | - | - |
(A) Moisture Regime 70% WHC | |||||||
CHLa | CHLb | Carotenoids | Protein | CAT | APX | GPOD | |
CHLa | 1 | 0.99 *** | 1.00 *** | 0.98 *** | 0.98 *** | - | 0.94 *** |
CHLb | 0.99 *** | 1 | 0.99 *** | 0.97 *** | 0.98 *** | - | 0.90 *** |
Carotenoids | 1.00 *** | 0.99 *** | 1 | 0.99 *** | 0.98 *** | - | 0.95 *** |
Protein | 0.98 *** | 0.97 *** | 0.99 *** | 1 | 0.98 *** | - | 0.98 *** |
CAT | 0.98 *** | 0.98 *** | 0.98 *** | 0.98 *** | 1 | 0.72 *** | 0.95 *** |
APX | - | - | - | - | 0.72 *** | 1 | - |
GPOD | 0.94 *** | 0.90 *** | 0.95 *** | 0.98 *** | 0.95 *** | - | 1 |
(B) Moisture Regime 40% WHC | |||||||
CHLa | CHLb | Carotenoids | Protein | CAT | APX | GPOD | |
CHLa | 1 | 0.97 *** | 0.96 *** | - | - | - | - |
CHLb | 0.97 *** | 1 | 0.88 ** | - | - | - | - |
Carotenoids | 0.96 *** | 0.88 ** | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Protein | - | - | - | 1 | 0.94 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.81 *** |
CAT | - | - | - | 0.94 *** | 1 | - | - |
APX | - | - | - | 0.81 *** | - | 1 | 0.97 *** |
GPOD | - | - | - | 0.81 *** | - | 0.97 *** | 1 |
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García-Gómez, C.; Uysal, Y.; Doğaroğlu, Z.G.; Kalderis, D.; Gasparatos, D.; Fernández, M.D. Influence of Biochar-Reinforced Hydrogel Composites on Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Bean Plants and Soil Microbial Activities under Different Moisture Conditions. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081405
García-Gómez C, Uysal Y, Doğaroğlu ZG, Kalderis D, Gasparatos D, Fernández MD. Influence of Biochar-Reinforced Hydrogel Composites on Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Bean Plants and Soil Microbial Activities under Different Moisture Conditions. Agriculture. 2024; 14(8):1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081405
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Gómez, Concepción, Yağmur Uysal, Zeynep Görkem Doğaroğlu, Dimitrios Kalderis, Dionisios Gasparatos, and María Dolores Fernández. 2024. "Influence of Biochar-Reinforced Hydrogel Composites on Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Bean Plants and Soil Microbial Activities under Different Moisture Conditions" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081405