Spatial–Temporal Analysis of Impacts of Climate Variability on Maize Yield in Kenya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Precipitation
3.2. Maximum Temperature
3.3. Minimum Temperature
3.4. Effects of Rainfall and Temperature Variability on Maize Yield
4. Discussion
4.1. Precipitation
4.2. Maximum Temperature
4.3. Minimum Temperature
4.4. Effects of Rainfall and Temperature Variability on Maize Yield
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Mann–Kendall Test for Precipitation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Series/Test | Kendall’s Tau | p-Value | Sen’s Slope |
Year | 1.000 | <0.0001 | 1.000 |
January | −0.111 | 0.721 | −2.637 |
February | −0.244 | 0.371 | −3.072 |
March | −0.200 | 0.474 | −5.230 |
April | −0.244 | 0.371 | −2.792 |
May | −0.156 | 0.592 | −1.547 |
June | 0.111 | 0.721 | 3.911 |
July | 0.289 | 0.283 | 3.456 |
August | 0.022 | 1.000 | 0.599 |
September | −0.022 | 1.000 | −0.349 |
October | −0.067 | 0.858 | −1.407 |
November | −0.067 | 0.858 | −3.848 |
December | 0.111 | 0.721 | 1.021 |
Average | −0.022 | 1.000 | −0.311 |
Mann–Kendall and Sen’s Slope Test Results for Tmax | |||
---|---|---|---|
Series/Test | Kendall’s Tau | p-Value | Sen’s Slope |
Year | 1.000 | <0.0001 | 1.000 |
January | −0.556 | 0.032 | −0.289 |
February | −0.422 | 0.107 | −0.224 |
March | −0.644 | 0.012 | −0.410 |
April | −0.378 | 0.152 | −0.465 |
May | −0.022 | 1.000 | −0.101 |
June | 0.244 | 0.371 | 0.174 |
July | 0.378 | 0.152 | 0.196 |
August | 0.200 | 0.474 | 0.176 |
September | 0.289 | 0.283 | 0.107 |
October | 0.467 | 0.074 | 0.324 |
November | 0.244 | 0.371 | 0.279 |
December | 0.022 | 1.000 | 0.038 |
Average | 0.156 | 0.592 | 0.019 |
Mann–Kendall and Sen’s Slope Test Results for Tmin | |||
---|---|---|---|
Series/Test | Kendall’s Tau | p-Value | Sen’s Slope |
Year | 1.000 | <0.0001 | 1.000 |
January | −0.244 | 0.371 | −0.066 |
February | −0.156 | 0.592 | −0.040 |
March | −0.556 | 0.032 | −0.291 |
April | −0.422 | 0.107 | −0.167 |
May | −0.467 | 0.074 | −0.147 |
June | 0.156 | 0.592 | 0.075 |
July | 0.378 | 0.152 | 0.081 |
August | 0.244 | 0.371 | 0.132 |
September | 0.244 | 0.371 | 0.120 |
October | 0.022 | 1.000 | 0.047 |
November | 0.333 | 0.210 | 0.187 |
December | 0.289 | 0.283 | 0.163 |
Average | −0.156 | 0.592 | −0.008 |
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Zone’s Yield (y) | Factor (x) | r | R2 | T Student | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LVB_y | Rainfall | 0.83 | 0.694 | 3.99 | 0.0053 ** |
Tmax | 0.93 | 0.871 | 6.874 | 0.0002 *** | |
Tmin | 0.85 | 0.730 | 4.35 | 0.0034 ** | |
RVH_y | Rainfall | 0.85 | 0.723 | 4.27 | 0.0037 ** |
Tmax | 0.73 | 0.538 | 2.85 | 0.0246 * | |
Tmin | 0.74 | 0.551 | 2.93 | 0.0219 * | |
CS_y | Rainfall | 0.92 | 0.853 | 6.38 | 0.0004 *** |
Tmax | 0.63 | 0.401 | 2.17 | 0.0671 * | |
Tmin | 0.71 | 0.500 | 2.65 | 0.0331 * | |
NWR_y | Rainfall | 0.82 | 0.667 | 3.74 | 0.0072 ** |
Tmax | 0.72 | 0.514 | 2.72 | 0.0298 * | |
Tmin | 0.75 | 0.563 | 3.00 | 0.0199 * | |
NER_y | Rainfall | 0.33 | 0.111 | 0.94 | 0.3807 |
Tmax | 0.07 | 0.004 | 0.18 | 0.8647 | |
Tmin | 0.05 | 0.003 | 0.13 | 0.8984 | |
SEL_y | Rainfall | 0.50 | 0.250 | 1.53 | 0.1705 |
Tmax | 0.18 | 0.034 | 0.49 | 0.6368 | |
Tmin | 0.55 | 0.303 | 1.74 | 0.1250 |
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Ondiek, R.A.; Saber, M.; Abdel-Fattah, M. Spatial–Temporal Analysis of Impacts of Climate Variability on Maize Yield in Kenya. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081415
Ondiek RA, Saber M, Abdel-Fattah M. Spatial–Temporal Analysis of Impacts of Climate Variability on Maize Yield in Kenya. Agriculture. 2024; 14(8):1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081415
Chicago/Turabian StyleOndiek, Renish Awuor, Mohamed Saber, and Mohammed Abdel-Fattah. 2024. "Spatial–Temporal Analysis of Impacts of Climate Variability on Maize Yield in Kenya" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081415