Erosive Rainfall Thresholds Identification Using Statistical Approaches in a Karst Yellow Soil Mountain Erosion-Prone Region in Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Data Collection and Processing
2.2.2. Rainfall and Surface Runoff Parameter Determination
2.2.3. Runoff Sediment Concentration and Soil Loss Calculation
2.2.4. Erosive Rainfall Threshold Identification Methods
3. Results
3.1. Rainfall Characteristics Analysis
3.2. Erosive Rainfall Thresholds Identification
3.3. Rainfall Thresholds of Farmland with Different Slopes
4. Discussion
4.1. Rainfall Characteristics Comparative Analysis
4.2. Erosive Rainfall Thresholds in Different Zones in China
4.3. Erosive Rainfall Thresholds in Karst Yellow Soil Region
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stations | Initial Observation Year | Land Use Types | No. of Plots | Slope/ Degree | Plot Size Width × Length, m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
YJC | 2006 | Woodland | 6 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Grassland | 2 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Farmland | 8 | 20.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Fallow | 2 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
HYS | 2008 | Woodland | 5 | 13.0 | 20.0 × 10.0 |
Farmland | 1 | 13.0 | 20.0 × 10.0 | ||
KZ | 2008 | Woodland | 2 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Grassland | 1 | 13.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Farmland | 2 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
YW | 2007 | Woodland | 2 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Grassland | 1 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Farmland | 2 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
LC | 2010 | Woodland | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Grassland | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Farmland | 3 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
SGS | 2008 | Woodland | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Grassland | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Farmland | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
JM | 2015 | Woodland | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Grassland | 2 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Farmland | 2 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Fallow | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 10.0 | ||
YM | 2017 | Woodland | 1 | 23.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Grassland | 1 | 23.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Farmland | 2 | 23.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
MLK | 2017 | Woodland | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Farmland | 3 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Fallow | 1 | 15.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
SQ | 2009 | Woodland | 2 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 10.0 |
Grassland | 2 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Farmland | 6 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 | ||
Fallow | 2 | 25.0 | 20.0 × 5.0 |
Characteristic Parameters | Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Average Value |
---|---|---|---|
Rainfall (mm) | 2.45 | 102.10 | 26.32 |
Duration (min) | 7.12 | 2980 | 621.64 |
(mm·h−1) | 2.86 | 89.60 | 20.34 |
Average rainfall intensity (mm·h−1) | 0.53 | 50.30 | 6.15 |
Rainfall erosivity value (MJ·mm·ha−1·h−1) | 4.01 | 2661.13 | 78.82 |
Sta. | Rainfall Amount Grade | Rainfall Intensity Grade | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Light Rain <10 mm | Moderate Rain 10–25 mm | Heavy Rain 25–50 mm | Rainstorm 50–100 mm | Heavy Rainstorm 100–250 mm | <15 mm·h−1 | 15–30 mm·h−1 | 30–45 mm·h−1 | 45–60 mm·h−1 | >60 mm·h−1 | |
YJC | 0.45 | 18.77 | 32.13 | 27.77 | 20.66 | 8.14 | 31.38 | 35.21 | 12.55 | 12.74 |
HYS | 3.12 | 20.56 | 31.88 | 31.79 | 12.85 | 5.66 | 30.44 | 28.26 | 23.53 | 11.94 |
KZ | 2.48 | 21.94 | 37.89 | 23.36 | 13.93 | 15.41 | 32.86 | 24.13 | 13.88 | 13.76 |
YW | 0.32 | 12.33 | 23.92 | 34.28 | 29.46 | 4.74 | 28.82 | 22.31 | 24.47 | 19.74 |
LC | 4.56 | 19.21 | 30.24 | 26.09 | 20.58 | 8.76 | 34.64 | 24.85 | 14.24 | 17.65 |
SGS | 1.24 | 29.24 | 46.66 | 15.04 | 7.99 | 11.44 | 37.65 | 21.21 | 11.51 | 18.24 |
JM | 2.14 | 25.59 | 38.97 | 22.42 | 10.66 | 8.11 | 30.38 | 27.52 | 24.19 | 9.66 |
YM | 2.01 | 20.34 | 38.92 | 27.16 | 12.01 | 10.41 | 30.54 | 26.76 | 25.33 | 7.31 |
MLK | 2.88 | 19.42 | 30.78 | 26.24 | 20.05 | 8.56 | 33.66 | 27.97 | 13.51 | 16.01 |
SQ | 1.06 | 20.66 | 39.26 | 28.48 | 10.18 | 7.46 | 29.49 | 38.36 | 20.44 | 4.68 |
Ave. | 2.03 | 20.81 | 35.07 | 26.26 | 15.84 | 8.87 | 31.99 | 27.66 | 18.37 | 13.17 |
Landcover Types | Index Types | Rainfall Thresholds | REI (%) | WSI (%) | EFF (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
woodland | TP (mm) | 12.66 | 0.13 | 2.28 | 80.43 |
TI30 (mm·h−1) | 4.52 | 0.22 | 1.65 | 86.14 | |
Grassland | TP (mm) | 10.57 | 0.18 | 4.46 | 81.86 |
TI30 (mm·h−1) | 4.05 | 0.11 | 3.87 | 87.36 | |
Farmland | TP (mm) | 9.94 | 0.31 | 6.35 | 83.17 |
TI30 (mm·h−1) | 3.93 | 0.25 | 4.86 | 82.05 | |
Fallow | TP (mm) | 8.93 | 0.43 | 4.11 | 85.43 |
TI30 (mm·h−1) | 3.51 | 0.32 | 3.04 | 90.25 |
Landcover Types | Index Types | Rainfall Thresholds | REI (%) | WSI (%) | EFF (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
13° | TP (mm) | 10.41 | 0.26 | 7.81 | 83.47 |
15° | TP (mm) | 10.28 | 0.37 | 5.26 | 81.22 |
20° | TP (mm) | 9.66 | 0.32 | 6.24 | 84.12 |
23° | TP (mm) | 9.52 | 0.28 | 7.33 | 86.24 |
25° | TP (mm) | 9.15 | 0.35 | 5.58 | 85.36 |
Regions | Soil Types | Experimental Sites | TP (mm) | TI10 (mm·h−1) | TI30 (mm·h−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northwest | Loess | Zizou, Shanxi | 9.9 | 5.2 | 7.2 | Wang Wanzhong, 1983 [10] |
Xifeng, Gansu | 10.0 | 7.5 | Jiang Zhongshan et al., 1983 [30] | |||
Zizou, Shanxi | 9.6 | 7.1 | Liu Baoyuan, 2001 [31] | |||
Qingyang, Gansu | 8.7 | 12.3 | Xia Lu et al., 2018 [32] | |||
Mizhi, Shanxi | 9.5 | 8.9 | Wang Ying et al., 2022 [51] | |||
Northeast | Black soil | Binxian, Heilongjiang | 8.9 | 5.0 | 8.0 | Gao Feng et al., 1989 [33] |
Lengjiang, Heilongjiang | 10.0 | 10.2 | Wang Ying et al., 2022 [51] | |||
Keshan, Heilongjiang | 9.8 | 7.6 | Zhang Xiankui et al., 1992 [34] | |||
North | Brown soil | Miyun, Beijing | 18.9 | 17.8 | Liu Heping et al., 2007 [35] | |
Miyun, Beijing | 10.0 | 10.2 | Wang Ying et al., 2022 [51] | |||
Weixian, Hebei | 16.0 | Zhao Guangyao, 2019 [36] | ||||
South | Red soil | Dianbai, Guangdong | 9.4 | Chen and Wang, 1992 [37] | ||
Dean, Jiangxi | 9.97 11.2 | Zheng Haijin et al., 2009 [38]; Ma Liang et al., 2010 [39] | ||||
Dean, Jiangxi | 11.4 | 10 | Wang Bangwen et al., 2013 [20] | |||
Anxi, Fujian | 6.1 | 5.2 | Wang Ying et al., 2022 [51] | |||
Southwest | Purple soil | Ziyang, Sichuan | 8.9 | 10.7 | Zhang Qi, 1992 [40] | |
West Sichuan | 11.3 | Li Linyu et al., 2013 [41] | ||||
Bijie, Guizhou | 7.0 | Lin Changhu, 1991 [42] | ||||
Nanchong, Sichuan | 5.4 | 3.2 | Wang Ying et al., 2022 [51] | |||
Yellow soil | Longli, Guizhou Bijie, Guizhou | 11.6–25.8 | 8.9–15.2 | Zhang Wenyuan et al., 2014 [52] |
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Deng, O.; Li, M.; Yang, B.; Yang, G.; Li, Y. Erosive Rainfall Thresholds Identification Using Statistical Approaches in a Karst Yellow Soil Mountain Erosion-Prone Region in Southwest China. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081421
Deng O, Li M, Yang B, Yang G, Li Y. Erosive Rainfall Thresholds Identification Using Statistical Approaches in a Karst Yellow Soil Mountain Erosion-Prone Region in Southwest China. Agriculture. 2024; 14(8):1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081421
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Ou, Man Li, Binglan Yang, Guangbin Yang, and Yiqiu Li. 2024. "Erosive Rainfall Thresholds Identification Using Statistical Approaches in a Karst Yellow Soil Mountain Erosion-Prone Region in Southwest China" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081421