Construction of Indicators of Low-Temperature Stress Levels at the Jointing Stage of Winter Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Meteorological Data Sources for the Study Area
2.2. Analysis of Low-Temperature Disasters in the Study Area
2.3. Experimental Materials
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Measurement Contents and Methods
2.5.1. The Measurement of Photosynthetic Parameters
2.5.2. Measurement of Photosynthetic Pigment Content
2.5.3. Measurement of Protective Enzyme Activity
2.5.4. Measurement of Endogenous Hormone Content
2.5.5. Measurement of Yield and Its Constituent Indicators
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Low-Temperature Stress during the Jointing Stage on Photosynthetic Parameters of Leaves in Different Winter Wheat Varieties
3.2. Effects of Low-Temperature Stress during the Jointing Stage on Pigment Content in Leaves of Different Winter Wheat Varieties
3.3. Effects of Low-Temperature Stress during the Jointing Stage on the Activities of Protective Enzymes in Leaves of Different Winter Wheat Varieties
3.4. Effects of Low-Temperature Stress during the Jointing Stage on Endogenous Hormones in Leaves of Different Winter Wheat Varieties
3.5. Effects of Low-Temperature Stress during the Jointing Stage on the Yield of Different Winter Wheat Varieties
3.6. Constructing Indicators for Assessing Low-Temperature Disaster Levels in Different Winter Wheat Varieties under Low-Temperature Stress during the Jointing Stage
3.6.1. Correlation Analysis of Trait Indicators in Different Winter Wheat Varieties under Low-Temperature Stress during the Jointing Stage
3.6.2. Principal Component Analysis of Trait Indicators in Different Winter Wheat Varieties under Low-Temperature Stress during the Jointing Stage
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Cultivar | Stage | Temperature (Tmix/Tmax) (°C) | Duration(d) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | (C2)Jimai22 | Joint Stage | CK (8/18), T4(3/13), T3(0/10), | D1(2d), D2(4d), |
T2(−3/7) | D3(6d) | |||
2022 | (C1)Zhenmai12, (C2)Jimai22, | CK (8/18), T5(6/16), T4(3/13), | D1(2d), D2(4d), | |
(C3)Shannong38 | T3(0/10), T2(−3/7), T1(−6/4) | D3(6d) | ||
2023 | (C1)Zhenmai12, (C2)Jimai22, | CK (8/18), T5(6/16), T4(3/13), | D1(2d), D2(4d), | |
(C3)Shannong38 | T3(0/10), T2(−3/7), T1(−6/4) | D3(6d) |
Marker | Cultivated Species | Temperature [°C] | Duration [d] |
---|---|---|---|
C1CKD1/C2CKD1/C3CKD1 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 18/8 | 2 |
C1CKD2/C2CKD2/C3CKD2 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 18/8 | 4 |
C1CKD3/C2CKD3/C3CKD3 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 18/8 | 6 |
C1T5D1/C2T5D1/C3T5D1 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 16/6 | 2 |
C1T5D2/C2T5D2/C3T5D3 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 16/6 | 4 |
C1T5D3/C2T5D3/C3T5D3 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 16/6 | 6 |
C1T4D1/C2T4D1/C3T4D1 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 13/3 | 2 |
C1T4D2/C2T4D2/C3T4D2 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 13/3 | 4 |
C1T4D3/C2T4D3/C2T4D3 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 13/3 | 6 |
C1T3D1/C2T3D1/C3T3D1 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 10/0 | 2 |
C1T3D2/C2T3D2/C3T3D2 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 10/0 | 4 |
C1T3D3/C2T3D3/C3T3D3 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 10/0 | 6 |
C1T2D1/C2T2D1/C3T2D1 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 7/−3 | 2 |
C1T2D2/C2T2D2/C3T2D2 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 7/−3 | 4 |
C1T2D3/C2T2D3/C3T2D3 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 7/−3 | 6 |
C1T1D1/C2T1D1/C3T1D1 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 4/−6 | 2 |
C1T1D2/C2T1D2/C3T1D2 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 4/−6 | 4 |
C1T1D3/C2T1D2/C3T1D3 | Zhen Mai 12/Ji Mai 22/Shan Nong 28 | 4/−6 | 6 |
Temperature (a) | Stress Days (d) | Spikelet Length (cm) | Spikelet Weight (g) | Thousand-Grain Weight (g) | Yield/Pot (g·pot−1) | Reduction Rate (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | C2 | C3 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C1 | C2 | C3 | ||
CK | D1-D2-D3 | 7.25 ± 0.13 Ba | 7.25 ± 0.13 Ba | 7.96 ± 0.23 Aa | 6.94 ± 0.27 Bab | 2.23 ± 0.12 Bab | 2.74 ± 0.2 Aa | 2.32 ± 0.21 Bab | 45.27 ± 4.95 ABab | 50.99 ± 2.63 Aa | 39.33 ± 3.39 Ba | 73.71 ± 3.83 Ba | 81.79 ± 2.78 Aa | 64.06 ± 3.14 Cab | — | — |
T5 | D1 | 6.62 ± 0.28 Bb | 6.62 ± 0.28 Bb | 8.04 ± 0.3 Aa | 7.05 ± 0.31 Ba | 2.43 ± 0.22 Aa | 2.67 ± 0.18 Aab | 2.42 ± 0.18 Aa | 47.93 ± 2.28 Aa | 47.95 ± 2.28 Aab | 39.27 ± 2.28 Ba | 70.4 ± 2.28 Bab | 77.83 ± 2.28 Ab | 65.6 ± 2.28 Ca | −4.64 | 0.70 |
D2 | 6.35 ± 0.29 Bbcd | 6.35 ± 0.29 Bbcd | 7.65 ± 0.29 Aabc | 6.94 ± 0.29 Bab | 2.34 ± 0.29 Aa | 2.6 ± 0.2 Aabc | 2.26 ± 0.2 Aab | 46.26 ± 2.29 Aab | 46.28 ± 2.29 Abc | 39.47 ± 2.29 Ba | 67.62 ± 2.29 Bbc | 76.64 ± 2.29 Abc | 65.08 ± 2.29 Bab | −6.04 | −0.06 | |
D3 | 6.29 ± 0.29 Bbcd | 6.29 ± 0.29 Bbcd | 7.23 ± 0.31 Abcd | 7.08 ± 0.32 Aa | 2.34 ± 0.23 Aa | 2.58 ± 0.19 Aabc | 2.39 ± 0.19 Aa | 42.85 ± 2.29 Abc | 42.87 ± 2.29 Acd | 39.18 ± 2.29 Ba | 67.21 ± 2.29 Bbc | 74.3 ± 2.29 Abc | 65.22 ± 2.29 Bab | −9.00 | −0.06 | |
T4 | D1 | 6.47 ± 0.3 Bbc | 6.47 ± 0.3 Bbc | 7.71 ± 0.31 Aab | 6.89 ± 0.33 Bab | 2.32 ± 0.23 Aa | 2.57 ± 0.2 Aabc | 2.24 ± 0.2 Aabc | 38.9 ± 2.3 Bcd | 40.53 ± 2.3 Ade | 38.94 ± 2.3 Ba | 68.37 ± 2.3 Bbc | 72.99 ± 2.3 Ac | 62.49 ± 2.3 Cabc | −10.56 | −4.09 |
D2 | 6.3 ± 0.32 Bbcd | 6.3 ± 0.32 Bbcd | 7.4 ± 0.32 Abcd | 6.89 ± 0.32 ABab | 2.24 ± 0.32 Aab | 2.55 ± 0.22 Aabc | 2.19 ± 0.22 Aabc | 34.35 ± 2.32 Bdefg | 39.95 ± 2.32 Ade | 34.39 ± 2.32 Bbcd | 65.53 ± 2.32 Bc | 72.7 ± 2.32 Ac | 61.86 ± 2.32 Babc | −10.96 | −5.11 | |
D3 | 5.99 ± 0.27 Bcde | 5.99 ± 0.27 Bcde | 6.61 ± 0.27 Aefg | 6.79 ± 0.27 Aabc | 2.1 ± 0.27 Aabc | 2.49 ± 0.17 Aabcd | 2.1 ± 0.17 Aabcd | 33.58 ± 2.27 Befg | 37.23 ± 2.27 Aefg | 33.62 ± 2.27 Bbcde | 64.35 ± 2.27 Bcd | 72.27 ± 2.27 Ac | 59.34 ± 2.27 Ccde | −11.46 | −8.97 | |
T3 | D1 | 6.35 ± 0.29 Bbcd | 6.35 ± 0.29 Bbcd | 7.6 ± 0.29 Aabc | 6.79 ± 0.29 Babc | 2.08 ± 0.29 Aabc | 2.53 ± 0.19 Aabcd | 2.1 ± 0.19 Aabcd | 36.8 ± 2.29 Bde | 39.12 ± 2.29 Adef | 36.84 ± 2.29 Bab | 60.87 ± 2.29 Bde | 72.49 ± 2.29 Ac | 60.9 ± 2.29 Bbcd | −11.20 | −6.58 |
D2 | 6.18 ± 0.29 Bbcd | 6.18 ± 0.29 Bbcd | 7.13 ± 0.29 Acde | 6.69 ± 0.29 ABabcd | 1.93 ± 0.29 Aabcd | 2.4 ± 0.19 Aabcde | 1.98 ± 0.19 Abcde | 35.56 ± 2.29 Bdef | 38.14 ± 2.29 Aef | 35.6 ± 2.29 ABab | 60.18 ± 2.29 Bdef | 72.4 ± 2.29 Ac | 58.31 ± 2.29 Bcde | −11.30 | −10.56 | |
D3 | 5.93 ± 0.29 Bcde | 5.93 ± 0.29 Bcde | 7.22 ± 0.29 Abcd | 6.7 ± 0.29 Aabcd | 1.75 ± 0.29 Bbcde | 2.28 ± 0.19 Acdef | 1.95 ± 0.19 ABbcde | 30.32 ± 2.29 Bghi | 34.84 ± 2.29 Afgh | 30.36 ± 2.29 Bde | 56.44 ± 2.29 Bfg | 65.59 ± 2.29 Ad | 55.02 ± 2.29 Befg | −19.72 | −15.65 | |
T2 | D1 | 5.87 ± 0.31 Bdef | 5.87 ± 0.31 Bdef | 7.03 ± 0.31 Adef | 6.41 ± 0.31 Bbcde | 1.8 ± 0.31 Bbcde | 2.33 ± 0.21 Abcdef | 1.88 ± 0.21 ABcde | 32.83 ± 2.29 Befgh | 35.41 ± 2.29 Afgh | 35.07 ± 2.29 Aabc | 58.22 ± 2.29 Bef | 67.77 ± 2.29 Ad | 57.24 ± 2.29 Bg | −16.90 | −12.07 |
D2 | 5.54 ± 0.29 Befg | 5.54 ± 0.29 Befg | 6.65 ± 0.29 Aefg | 6.31 ± 0.29 Acde | 1.66 ± 0.29 Bcde | 2.28 ± 0.19 Acdef | 1.8 ± 0.19 Bde | 31.16 ± 2.29 Bfghi | 35.23 ± 2.29 Afgh | 33.4 ± 2.29 ABbcde | 52.56 ± 2.29 Bgh | 64.41 ± 2.29 Ad | 55.32 ± 2.29 Befg | −20.84 | −15.07 | |
D3 | 5.3 ± 0.32 Bg | 5.3 ± 0.32 Bg | 6.53 ± 0.32 Afg | 6.17 ± 0.32 Ade | 1.52 ± 0.32 Ade | 2.05 ± 0.22 Aefg | 1.75 ± 0.22 Ade | 28.54 ± 2.32 Bgi | 33.49 ± 2.32 Agh | 30.78 ± 2.32 ABcde | 50.21 ± 2.32 Bhi | 59.89 ± 2.32 Ae | 52.54 ± 2.32 Bdef | −26.59 | −19.32 | |
T1 | D1 | 5.55 ± 0.29 Cefg | 5.55 ± 0.29 Cefg | 7.04 ± 0.29 Adef | 6.36 ± 0.29 Bbcde | 1.66 ± 0.29 Bcde | 2.17 ± 0.19 Adefg | 1.79 ± 0.19 ABde | 30.84 ± 2.29 Bfghi | 35.07 ± 2.29 Afgh | 33.08 ± 2.29 ABbcde | 52.39 ± 2.29 Bfg | 63.78 ± 2.29 Ad | 53.43 ± 2.29 Bfg | −24.81 | −17.97 |
D2 | 5.36 ± 0.29 Bfg | 5.36 ± 0.29 Bfg | 6.54 ± 0.29 Afg | 6.19 ± 0.29 Ade | 1.52 ± 0.29 Ade | 1.98 ± 0.19 Afg | 1.69 ± 0.19 Ae | 28.01 ± 2.29 Bi | 33.46 ± 2.29 Agh | 30.25 ± 2.29 ABde | 47.37 ± 2.29 Cij | 58.86 ± 2.29 Ae | 52.42 ± 2.29 Bg | −27.83 | −19.48 | |
D3 | 5.1 ± 0.29 Bg | 5.1 ± 0.29 Bg | 6.44 ± 0.29 Ag | 5.98 ± 0.28 Ae | 1.37 ± 0.28 Be | 1.84 ± 0.17 Ag | 1.61 ± 0.17 ABe | 27.42 ± 2.26 Bi | 32.14 ± 2.26 Ah | 29.65 ± 2.25 ABe | 45.68 ± 2.25 Cj | 57.82 ± 2.24 Ae | 51.88 ± 2.24 Bg | −29.04 | −20.21 |
Cultivated Species | C1 | C2 | C3 |
---|---|---|---|
Stress Level | Comprehensive Score (Z) | Comprehensive Score (Z) | Comprehensive Score (Z) |
No stress (0) | 2.23 < Z | 1.37 < Z | 1.16 < Z |
Mild stress (1) | −0.02 < Z ≤ 2.23 | 0.33< Z ≤ 1.37 | 0.63 < Z ≤ 1.16 |
Moderate stress (2) | −2.26 <Z ≤ −0.02 | −0.56 < Z ≤ 0.33 | 0.11 < Z ≤ 0.63 |
Heavy stress (3) | Z ≤ −2.26 | Z ≤ −0.56 | Z ≤ 0.11 |
Temperatures | CK | T5 | T4 | T3 | T2 | T1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivated Species | Stress Days | Z | Stress Level | Z | Stress Level | Z | Stress Level | Z | Stress Level | Z | Stress Level | Z | Stress Level |
C1 | D1 | 2.28 | 0 | 1.71 | 1 | 1.52 | 1 | 1.01 | 1 | −0.15 | 2 | −2.29 | 3 |
D2 | 2.31 | 0 | 1.37 | 1 | 0.96 | 1 | 0.67 | 1 | −0.96 | 2 | −3.47 | 3 | |
D3 | 2.44 | 0 | 1.09 | 1 | 0.50 | 1 | −0.37 | 2 | −3.53 | 3 | −5.30 | 3 | |
C2 | D1 | 1.77 | 0 | 1.46 | 0 | 1.03 | 1 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.17 | 2 | −0.40 | 3 |
D2 | 1.63 | 0 | 1.15 | 0 | 0.86 | 1 | −0.04 | 2 | −0.25 | 2 | −0.61 | 3 | |
D3 | 1.56 | 0 | 1.03 | 1 | 0.55 | 1 | −0.31 | 2 | −0.54 | 2 | −1.16 | 3 | |
C3 | D1 | 1.23 | 0 | 1.20 | 0 | 1.16 | 0 | 0.72 | 1 | 0.53 | 2 | 0.15 | 2 |
D2 | 1.24 | 0 | 1.19 | 0 | 0.82 | 1 | 0.55 | 2 | 0.26 | 2 | 0.12 | 2 | |
D3 | 1.22 | 0 | 1.17 | 0 | 0.70 | 1 | 0.51 | 2 | 0.13 | 2 | −0.79 | 3 |
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Zhang, F.; Huo, Z.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Wang, N.; Jiang, M.; Kong, R.; Mi, Q.; Li, M.; Wu, H. Construction of Indicators of Low-Temperature Stress Levels at the Jointing Stage of Winter Wheat. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081430
Zhang F, Huo Z, Yang Z, Zhang L, Wang N, Jiang M, Kong R, Mi Q, Li M, Wu H. Construction of Indicators of Low-Temperature Stress Levels at the Jointing Stage of Winter Wheat. Agriculture. 2024; 14(8):1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081430
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Fengyin, Zhiguo Huo, Zaiqiang Yang, Lei Zhang, Na Wang, Mengyuan Jiang, Rui Kong, Qianchuan Mi, Meixuan Li, and Huizhen Wu. 2024. "Construction of Indicators of Low-Temperature Stress Levels at the Jointing Stage of Winter Wheat" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081430