Screening and Evaluation of Biomechanical Properties and Morphological Characteristics of Peduncles in Foxtail Millet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Index Determination
2.2.1. Morphological Characteristics
2.2.2. Biomechanical Properties
2.3. Data Processing and Analysis Methods
2.3.1. Data Preprocessing
2.3.2. Multi-Index Screening Method
2.3.3. The Entropy Weighting Method
2.3.4. The TOPSIS Comprehensive Evaluation Method
2.3.5. The RSR Comprehensive Evaluation Method
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis
3.2. Screening Indicators
3.3. Index Weighting Based on the Entropy Value Method
3.4. TOPSIS-RSR Comprehensive Evaluation
4. Discussion
4.1. Screening of the Measured Indicators
4.1.1. Partial Correlation Analysis of the Indicators
4.1.2. Cluster Analysis of the Indicators
4.2. Assigning Weights for the Selected Indicators
4.3. Comprehensive Evaluation of Participating Foxtail Millet Accessions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimension | Trait 1 | Min | Max | Mean | SD | CV (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological Morphological Characteristics | Plant | Plant Height/PH (cm) | 84.94 | 202.50 | 136.44 | 23.35 | 17.11 |
Natural Height/NH (cm) | 59.64 | 155.32 | 102.18 | 19.29 | 18.88 | ||
Flexural Index/FI (%) | 9.28 | 38.96 | 25.20 | 4.42 | 17.54 | ||
Spike | Length/SL (mm) | 141.36 | 327.24 | 213.44 | 41.85 | 19.61 | |
Diameter/SD (mm) | 16.30 | 45.40 | 24.80 | 4.92 | 19.84 | ||
Weight/SW (g) | 5.28 | 46.09 | 21.51 | 7.44 | 34.59 | ||
Dry Weight/SDW (g) | 3.75 | 35.59 | 15.99 | 5.46 | 34.15 | ||
Moisture Content/SMC (%) | 13.14 | 50.43 | 25.14 | 6.52 | 25.93 | ||
Peduncle | Length/PL (cm) | 19.28 | 67.49 | 35.59 | 9.71 | 27.28 | |
External Diameter/PED (mm) | 2.04 | 4.83 | 3.28 | 0.57 | 17.38 | ||
Wall Thickness/PWT (mm) | 0.42 | 1.25 | 0.77 | 0.17 | 22.08 | ||
Thickness-diameter Ratio/PTDR (%) | 0.17 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 13.04 | ||
Weight/PW (g) | 0.57 | 13.70 | 5.69 | 2.71 | 47.63 | ||
Dry Weight/PDW (g) | 0.24 | 5.00 | 1.97 | 0.88 | 44.67 | ||
Moisture Content/PMC (%) | 45.78 | 72.66 | 64.61 | 3.96 | 6.13 | ||
Biomechanical Properties | Bending | Cross-Sectional Moment of Inertia/I (mm4) | 0.90 | 31.22 | 7.35 | 5.81 | 79.05 |
Elastic Modulus/E (MPa) | 668.78 | 5698.66 | 2523.35 | 890.37 | 35.29 | ||
Bending Strength/BS (MPa) | 13.70 | 47.32 | 26.23 | 7.21 | 27.49 | ||
Flexural Rigidity/EI (N·mm2) | 2817.79 | 72,497.11 | 16,165.49 | 12,437.23 | 76.94 | ||
Maximum Bending Force/Fb (N) | 2.99 | 28.9 | 9.10 | 4.19 | 46.04 | ||
Shearing | Shear Strength/SS (MPa) | 5.38 | 30.81 | 14.88 | 4.25 | 28.56 | |
Maximum Shearing Force/Fs (N) | 15.38 | 204.28 | 88.67 | 35.8 | 40.37 |
Indicator | Entropy Value | Information Utility Value | Weight (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Flexural Rigidity | 0.927 | 0.073 | 22.386 |
Bending Strength | 0.964 | 0.036 | 11.037 |
Spike Length | 0.964 | 0.036 | 10.870 |
Peduncle Length | 0.965 | 0.035 | 10.834 |
Spike Diameter | 0.967 | 0.033 | 9.952 |
Elastic Modulus | 0.975 | 0.025 | 7.615 |
Diameter of the Peduncle | 0.975 | 0.025 | 7.578 |
Spike Weight | 0.978 | 0.022 | 6.761 |
Shear Strength | 0.979 | 0.021 | 6.360 |
Plant Height | 0.984 | 0.016 | 4.795 |
Moisture Content of the Peduncle | 0.994 | 0.006 | 1.812 |
Variety | Name | PISD (D+) | NISD (D−) | Composite Score | Sorting | RSR | Probit | Fitted RSR | Threshold * | Grading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B336 | Longgu6 | 0.492 | 0.733 | 0.598 | 1 | 1.000 | 7.855 | 1.160 | >6.5 | 4 |
B324 | Jigu11 | 0.502 | 0.650 | 0.564 | 2 | 0.963 | 7.382 | 1.044 | ||
B186 | Rangu | 0.556 | 0.658 | 0.542 | 3 | 0.937 | 7.114 | 0.979 | ||
B271 | Fenggu12 | 0.515 | 0.576 | 0.528 | 4 | 0.918 | 6.945 | 0.937 | ||
B326 | Jigu13 | 0.510 | 0.550 | 0.519 | 5 | 0.904 | 6.819 | 0.906 | ||
B185 | Xiaohuanggu | 0.574 | 0.618 | 0.518 | 6 | 0.898 | 6.716 | 0.881 | ||
B022 | Damaomaogu | 0.523 | 0.552 | 0.513 | 7 | 0.888 | 6.628 | 0.860 | ||
B032 | Jiangu | 0.580 | 0.548 | 0.486 | 8 | 0.856 | 6.552 | 0.841 | ||
B335 | Longgu5 | 0.580 | 0.533 | 0.479 | 9 | 0.845 | 6.484 | 0.824 | 5~6.5 | 3 |
B342 | Gonggu68 | 0.588 | 0.516 | 0.467 | 10 | 0.828 | 6.421 | 0.809 | ||
B307 | Yugu11 | 0.595 | 0.514 | 0.464 | 11 | 0.819 | 6.364 | 0.795 | ||
B279 | Jigu24 | 0.639 | 0.518 | 0.448 | 12 | 0.799 | 6.312 | 0.782 | ||
B187 | Zhouliwei | 0.622 | 0.503 | 0.447 | 13 | 0.793 | 6.262 | 0.770 | ||
B339 | Longgu9 | 0.595 | 0.467 | 0.440 | 14 | 0.781 | 6.216 | 0.758 | ||
B054 | Xiaozigen | 0.597 | 0.461 | 0.436 | 15 | 0.771 | 6.172 | 0.747 | ||
B184 | Huangjiugenqi | 0.632 | 0.477 | 0.430 | 16 | 0.760 | 6.130 | 0.737 | ||
B138 | Tie8396 | 0.611 | 0.453 | 0.426 | 17 | 0.751 | 6.090 | 0.727 | ||
B242 | Zhongmou-baogu | 0.701 | 0.516 | 0.424 | 18 | 0.743 | 6.051 | 0.718 | ||
B172 | Bachagu | 0.638 | 0.469 | 0.424 | 19 | 0.738 | 6.014 | 0.709 | ||
B179 | Huangdanzigu | 0.599 | 0.430 | 0.418 | 20 | 0.727 | 5.979 | 0.700 | ||
B345 | Chaogu13 | 0.606 | 0.431 | 0.416 | 21 | 0.719 | 5.945 | 0.692 | ||
B236 | — | 0.653 | 0.464 | 0.416 | 22 | 0.713 | 5.911 | 0.684 | ||
B308 | Yugu9 | 0.640 | 0.436 | 0.405 | 23 | 0.698 | 5.879 | 0.676 | ||
B277 | Jigu21 | 0.632 | 0.430 | 0.405 | 24 | 0.693 | 5.848 | 0.668 | ||
B363 | Chenggu 12 | 0.615 | 0.416 | 0.403 | 25 | 0.685 | 5.817 | 0.660 | ||
B278 | Jigu22 | 0.639 | 0.431 | 0.403 | 26 | 0.679 | 5.787 | 0.653 | ||
B283 | K325 | 0.645 | 0.431 | 0.401 | 27 | 0.672 | 5.758 | 0.646 | ||
B007 | Hongniangu | 0.690 | 0.455 | 0.398 | 28 | 0.663 | 5.730 | 0.639 | ||
B222 | Gouweisu | 0.634 | 0.418 | 0.397 | 29 | 0.658 | 5.702 | 0.632 | ||
B143 | Hongniangu | 0.630 | 0.415 | 0.397 | 30 | 0.652 | 5.674 | 0.625 | ||
B372 | Gonggu66 | 0.640 | 0.421 | 0.397 | 31 | 0.646 | 5.648 | 0.619 | ||
B274 | Jigu18 | 0.639 | 0.418 | 0.396 | 32 | 0.639 | 5.621 | 0.612 | ||
B113 | Xiaohonggu | 0.639 | 0.418 | 0.396 | 33 | 0.634 | 5.595 | 0.606 | ||
B122 | Xiaohonggu | 0.648 | 0.424 | 0.395 | 34 | 0.628 | 5.570 | 0.600 | ||
B026 | Jingu5 | 0.751 | 0.489 | 0.395 | 35 | 0.622 | 5.544 | 0.593 | ||
B312-1 | Yugu7 | 0.628 | 0.406 | 0.392 | 36 | 0.614 | 5.519 | 0.587 | ||
B202 | Jinshu | 0.648 | 0.417 | 0.392 | 37 | 0.608 | 5.495 | 0.581 | ||
B256 | Maosu | 0.661 | 0.425 | 0.391 | 38 | 0.602 | 5.471 | 0.575 | ||
B004 | Caopi-daobaqi | 0.705 | 0.449 | 0.389 | 39 | 0.594 | 5.447 | 0.569 | ||
B312-2 | Yugu7 | 0.638 | 0.405 | 0.388 | 40 | 0.588 | 5.423 | 0.564 | ||
B049 | Jiugu13 | 0.669 | 0.423 | 0.387 | 41 | 0.581 | 5.399 | 0.558 | ||
B276 | Jigu20 | 0.652 | 0.409 | 0.386 | 42 | 0.574 | 5.376 | 0.552 | ||
B385 | Baigu9 | 0.663 | 0.415 | 0.385 | 43 | 0.568 | 5.353 | 0.546 | ||
B354 | Jigu28 | 0.645 | 0.400 | 0.383 | 44 | 0.561 | 5.330 | 0.541 | ||
B316 | Ji07607 | 0.641 | 0.396 | 0.382 | 45 | 0.554 | 5.307 | 0.535 | ||
B328 | Honggaigu | 0.664 | 0.406 | 0.380 | 46 | 0.546 | 5.285 | 0.530 | ||
B369 | Gonggu61 | 0.649 | 0.397 | 0.379 | 47 | 0.541 | 5.262 | 0.524 | ||
B321 | Lugu8 | 0.652 | 0.398 | 0.379 | 48 | 0.535 | 5.240 | 0.519 | ||
B215 | Zheng448 | 0.705 | 0.426 | 0.377 | 49 | 0.527 | 5.218 | 0.513 | ||
B124 | Daqingjie | 0.659 | 0.398 | 0.376 | 50 | 0.521 | 5.196 | 0.508 | ||
B341 | Gonggu65 | 0.641 | 0.386 | 0.376 | 51 | 0.515 | 5.174 | 0.503 | ||
B268 | Chigu8 | 0.692 | 0.413 | 0.374 | 52 | 0.508 | 5.152 | 0.497 | ||
B135 | 78-0625 | 0.678 | 0.404 | 0.373 | 53 | 0.502 | 5.130 | 0.492 | ||
B361 | Cang156 | 0.654 | 0.384 | 0.370 | 54 | 0.493 | 5.108 | 0.486 | ||
B384 | Baigu7 | 0.696 | 0.407 | 0.369 | 55 | 0.486 | 5.087 | 0.481 | ||
B175 | Guang37 | 0.726 | 0.422 | 0.368 | 56 | 0.480 | 5.065 | 0.476 | ||
B046 | Maotigu | 0.724 | 0.414 | 0.364 | 57 | 0.470 | 5.043 | 0.470 | ||
B182 | Heguzi | 0.687 | 0.390 | 0.362 | 58 | 0.463 | 5.022 | 0.465 | ||
B170 | Maomaogu | 0.693 | 0.387 | 0.358 | 59 | 0.454 | 5.000 | 0.460 | 3.5~5 | 2 |
B203 | Xiaolibaibuyuxi | 0.685 | 0.380 | 0.357 | 60 | 0.448 | 4.978 | 0.455 | ||
B387 | Chaogu15 | 0.691 | 0.382 | 0.356 | 61 | 0.441 | 4.957 | 0.449 | ||
B062 | Huangniangu | 0.696 | 0.384 | 0.356 | 62 | 0.435 | 4.935 | 0.444 | ||
B255 | Huangsu | 0.683 | 0.377 | 0.356 | 63 | 0.430 | 4.913 | 0.439 | ||
B293 | Nei701 | 0.727 | 0.396 | 0.353 | 64 | 0.421 | 4.892 | 0.433 | ||
B383 | Baigu6 | 0.697 | 0.377 | 0.351 | 65 | 0.414 | 4.870 | 0.428 | ||
B347 | Jigu25 | 0.723 | 0.391 | 0.351 | 66 | 0.408 | 4.848 | 0.423 | ||
B379 | Gonggu74 | 0.696 | 0.375 | 0.350 | 67 | 0.402 | 4.826 | 0.417 | ||
B064 | 60tianhuangtang | 0.706 | 0.379 | 0.349 | 68 | 0.396 | 4.804 | 0.412 | ||
B088 | — | 0.701 | 0.373 | 0.347 | 69 | 0.388 | 4.782 | 0.406 | ||
B031 | Baiyousha | 0.704 | 0.372 | 0.346 | 70 | 0.382 | 4.760 | 0.401 | ||
B281 | Jigu29 | 0.698 | 0.362 | 0.342 | 71 | 0.372 | 4.738 | 0.396 | ||
B241 | Damaosui | 0.730 | 0.376 | 0.340 | 72 | 0.365 | 4.715 | 0.390 | ||
B349 | Fenggu1 | 0.732 | 0.374 | 0.338 | 73 | 0.358 | 4.693 | 0.384 | ||
B314 | Yugu14 | 0.691 | 0.352 | 0.337 | 74 | 0.351 | 4.670 | 0.379 | ||
B259 | Datounuo | 0.730 | 0.371 | 0.337 | 75 | 0.345 | 4.647 | 0.373 | ||
B235 | Yangmaonuo | 0.739 | 0.373 | 0.336 | 76 | 0.339 | 4.624 | 0.368 | ||
B162 | Leshanbainuo | 0.697 | 0.351 | 0.335 | 77 | 0.332 | 4.601 | 0.362 | ||
B352 | Jingu1 | 0.761 | 0.383 | 0.335 | 78 | 0.327 | 4.577 | 0.356 | ||
B210 | Nianxiaomi | 0.723 | 0.364 | 0.335 | 79 | 0.321 | 4.553 | 0.350 | ||
B280 | Jigu26 | 0.720 | 0.362 | 0.335 | 80 | 0.316 | 4.529 | 0.344 | ||
B118 | Xiaohonggu | 0.764 | 0.382 | 0.333 | 81 | 0.309 | 4.505 | 0.338 | ||
B257 | Zhimasu | 0.722 | 0.357 | 0.331 | 82 | 0.301 | 4.481 | 0.332 | ||
B260 | Huangnanuo | 0.720 | 0.355 | 0.330 | 83 | 0.295 | 4.456 | 0.326 | ||
B129 | Guzi | 0.726 | 0.356 | 0.329 | 84 | 0.288 | 4.430 | 0.320 | ||
B417 | Jingu39 | 0.737 | 0.361 | 0.329 | 85 | 0.282 | 4.405 | 0.314 | ||
B166 | Chaqinggu | 0.712 | 0.345 | 0.326 | 86 | 0.275 | 4.379 | 0.307 | ||
B362 | — | 0.748 | 0.360 | 0.325 | 87 | 0.268 | 4.352 | 0.301 | ||
B375 | Gonggu70 | 0.693 | 0.334 | 0.325 | 88 | 0.262 | 4.326 | 0.294 | ||
B248 | longzhaonuo | 0.711 | 0.341 | 0.324 | 89 | 0.256 | 4.298 | 0.288 | ||
B275 | Jigu38 | 0.717 | 0.341 | 0.323 | 90 | 0.249 | 4.270 | 0.281 | ||
B084 | Ise-455 | 0.766 | 0.361 | 0.320 | 91 | 0.241 | 4.242 | 0.274 | ||
B034 | Esiniugu | 0.742 | 0.348 | 0.319 | 92 | 0.235 | 4.213 | 0.267 | ||
B356 | 206058 | 0.749 | 0.343 | 0.314 | 93 | 0.224 | 4.183 | 0.259 | ||
B254 | Nuosu | 0.723 | 0.327 | 0.311 | 94 | 0.216 | 4.152 | 0.252 | ||
B306 | An06h-8023 | 0.719 | 0.324 | 0.311 | 95 | 0.210 | 4.121 | 0.244 | ||
B107 | Jinxiangyu | 0.757 | 0.340 | 0.310 | 96 | 0.204 | 4.089 | 0.236 | ||
B233 | Geqing1 | 0.734 | 0.324 | 0.306 | 97 | 0.194 | 4.055 | 0.228 | ||
B244 | Jizhaohuanggu | 0.780 | 0.340 | 0.303 | 98 | 0.186 | 4.021 | 0.220 | ||
B188 | Bailiaojiang | 0.801 | 0.348 | 0.303 | 99 | 0.180 | 3.986 | 0.211 | ||
B295 | 09dong-chuang140 | 0.749 | 0.325 | 0.303 | 100 | 0.174 | 3.949 | 0.202 | ||
B232 | Guang37 | 0.774 | 0.335 | 0.302 | 101 | 0.168 | 3.910 | 0.192 | ||
B430 | Changnong35 | 0.736 | 0.318 | 0.302 | 102 | 0.163 | 3.870 | 0.183 | ||
B298 | 03-992 | 0.756 | 0.326 | 0.301 | 103 | 0.157 | 3.828 | 0.172 | ||
B082 | Zhaohenuo | 0.775 | 0.333 | 0.301 | 104 | 0.150 | 3.784 | 0.162 | ||
B419 | Changnong35 | 0.765 | 0.313 | 0.290 | 105 | 0.135 | 3.738 | 0.150 | ||
B249 | Wuzhaonuoxiaogu | 0.765 | 0.311 | 0.289 | 106 | 0.129 | 3.688 | 0.138 | ||
B253 | Xiannuo | 0.782 | 0.314 | 0.287 | 107 | 0.121 | 3.636 | 0.125 | ||
B073 | Qianchuanzi | 0.754 | 0.297 | 0.282 | 108 | 0.111 | 3.579 | 0.111 | ||
B346 | Jixiang1 | 0.799 | 0.307 | 0.278 | 109 | 0.101 | 3.516 | 0.096 | ||
B330 | Jinsuigu1 | 0.831 | 0.313 | 0.274 | 110 | 0.092 | 3.448 | 0.079 | <3.5 | 1 |
B405 | 200108-2 | 0.800 | 0.289 | 0.265 | 111 | 0.079 | 3.372 | 0.060 | ||
B239 | Jingu35 | 0.811 | 0.284 | 0.259 | 112 | 0.067 | 3.284 | 0.039 | ||
B060 | Qinggu | 0.804 | 0.280 | 0.258 | 113 | 0.061 | 3.181 | 0.014 | ||
B230 | Honggu | 0.810 | 0.261 | 0.243 | 114 | 0.042 | 3.055 | −0.018 | ||
B409 | Jiugu13 | 0.857 | 0.248 | 0.225 | 115 | 0.019 | 2.886 | −0.059 | ||
B092 | Zhushanuo | 0.833 | 0.235 | 0.220 | 116 | 0.009 | 2.618 | −0.125 |
Independent Variable | Non-Standardized Coefficient | Standardized Coefficient | t-Value | p-Value | VIF | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | Standard Error | ||||||||
Intercept | −0.767 | 0.016 | - | −48.844 | 0.000 *** | - | 0.983 | 0.982 | F = 6405.277 p = 0.000 *** |
Probit | 0.245 | 0.003 | 0.991 | 80.033 | 0.000 *** | 1 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Statistic | p-Value (Significance) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between-group | 5.801 | 3 | 1.934 | 191.354 | 0.000 *** |
Within-group | 1.132 | 112 | 0.01 | ||
Total | 6.933 | 115 |
Variable | Grading | Number | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fitted RSR | 4 | 8 | 0.951 | 0.108 | 0.841 | 1.160 |
3 | 50 | 0.615 | 0.101 | 0.465 | 0.824 | |
2 | 51 | 0.308 | 0.102 | 0.096 | 0.460 | |
1 | 7 | −0.001 | 0.072 | −0.125 | 0.079 |
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Zhang, L.; Xing, G.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Li, H.; Wang, Y.; Lu, J.; An, N.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, Z.; et al. Screening and Evaluation of Biomechanical Properties and Morphological Characteristics of Peduncles in Foxtail Millet. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091437
Zhang L, Xing G, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Wang Y, Lu J, An N, Zhao Z, Wang Z, et al. Screening and Evaluation of Biomechanical Properties and Morphological Characteristics of Peduncles in Foxtail Millet. Agriculture. 2024; 14(9):1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091437
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Lili, Guofang Xing, Zhenyu Liu, Yanqing Zhang, Hongbo Li, Yuanmeng Wang, Jiaxin Lu, Nan An, Zhihong Zhao, Zeyu Wang, and et al. 2024. "Screening and Evaluation of Biomechanical Properties and Morphological Characteristics of Peduncles in Foxtail Millet" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091437