Effects of Marigold and Paprika Extracts as Natural Pigments on Laying Hen Productive Performances, Egg Quality and Oxidative Stability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Carotenoids Purchasing and Their Proximal Chemical Analyses
2.3. Birds Performances, Housing and Experimental Diets
2.4. Egg Collection and Their Quality Measurement
2.5. Minerals Assessment
2.6. Determination of Total Polyphenols Content
2.7. Total Antioxidant Capacity Assessment
2.8. Determination of Vitamin E, Lutein and Zeaxanthin
2.9. Determination of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS)
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nutritional Profile of Marigold and Red Pepper Powder Extracts
3.2. Productive Performance Parameters
3.3. External and Internal Egg Quality Parameters
3.4. Yolk Color
3.5. Antioxidant Profile
3.6. Oxidative Stability
4. Discussion
4.1. Nutritional Composition of Powder Extracts of Marigold and Red Pepper
4.2. Dietary Effects of Powder Extracts of Marigold and Red Pepper on Productivity Parameters
4.3. Dietary Effects of Powder Extracts of Marigold and Red Pepper on External and Internal Egg Quality Parameters
4.4. Dietary Effects of Powder Extracts of Marigold and Red Pepper on Yolk Color
4.5. Dietary Effects of Powder Extracts of Marigold and Red Pepper on Antioxidant Profile
4.6. Dietary Effects of Powder Extracts of Marigold and Red Pepper on Oxidative Stability
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specifications | C | E1 | E2 | E3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Red pepper extract, % | - | - | 0.07 | 0.05 |
Marigold extract, % | - | 0.07 | - | 0.02 |
Corn, % | 55.07 | 54.93 | 54.93 | 54.93 |
Soybean meal, % | 13.97 | 14.00 | 14.00 | 14.00 |
Sunflower meal, % | 16.00 | 16.00 | 16.00 | 16.00 |
Lysine, % | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 |
Methionine, % | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
Calcium carbonate, % | 8.77 | 8.77 | 8.77 | 8.77 |
Monocalcium phosphate, % | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
Salt, % | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
Soybean oil, % | 3.26 | 3.31 | 3.31 | 3.31 |
Choline 60% | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Phytase | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Premix *, 1% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Total ingredients, % | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Calculated Analysis | ||||
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg | 2.750 | 2.750 | 2.750 | 2.750 |
Crude protein, % | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 |
Calcium, % | 3.90 | 3.90 | 3.90 | 3.90 |
Phosphorus, % | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
Lysine, % | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 |
Met + cist, % | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
Threonine, % | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
Chemical Analysis | ||||
Gamma tocopherol (mg/kg) | 7.31 | 8.79 | 8.13 | 8.06 |
Alpha-tocopherol (mg/kg) | 34.61 | 36.07 | 28.25 | 31.69 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin (ppm) | 9.90 | 22.19 | 9.06 | 14.77 |
Antioxidant capacity (µM Trolox) | 22.64 | 26.89 | 30.07 | 28.28 |
Total polyphenols, mg/g GAE | 4.31 | 4.89 | 4.54 | 4.74 |
Parameters | Red Pepper Extract Powder | Marigold Extract Powder |
---|---|---|
Proximate Composition | ||
Dry matter (DM), % | 92.79 | 94.84 |
Crude protein (CP), % | 0.25 | 5.15 |
Ether extract (EE), % | 4.21 | 0.23 |
Crude fiber (CF), % | 0.21 | 1.17 |
Ash, % | 55.54 | 50.74 |
Mineral Content | ||
Cooper (Cu), % | n.d. | 3.78 |
Iron (Fe), % | 284.26 | 1296.77 |
Manganese (Mn), % | 20.87 | 158.94 |
Zinc (Zn), % | n.d. | 33.71 |
Antioxidant Activity | ||
Total polyphenols, mg/g GAE | 5.32 | 3.64 |
Antioxidant capacity (μM Trolox/kg) | 22.80 | 52.82 |
Delta tocopherol (mg/kg) | n.d. | n.d. |
Gamma tocopherol (mg/kg) | 560.32 | 68.22 |
Alpha-tocopherol (mg/kg) | 199.43 | 150.11 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin (ppm) | 956.26 | 3786.66 |
Astaxanthin, (mg/kg) | 660.05 | n.d. |
Canthaxanthin (mg/kg) | 31.72 | n.d. |
Specifications | C | E1 | E2 | E3 | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial body weight (g/layer) | 1667.60 | 1624.60 | 1684.00 | 1657.00 | 18.500 | 0.71 |
Final body weight (g/layer) | 1830.52 | 1825.00 | 1894.20 | 1830.20 | 17.080 | 0.43 |
Average daily feed intake (g/hen/day) | 118.92 a | 116.21 b | 120.76 a | 119.96 a | 0.469 | <0.0001 |
Feed conversion rate (kg feed/kg egg) | 2.15 bc | 2.21 b | 2.22 b | 2.11 c | 0.017 | <0.0001 |
Laying rate intensity (%) | 89.02 | 89.21 | 89.02 | 90.33 | 0.531 | <0.110 |
Average egg weight (g) | 63.46 b | 63.17 b | 64.39 a | 64.37 a | 0.095 | <0.0001 |
Total egg weight (g) | 1393.65 | 1326 | 1406.95 | 1429.91 | 10.561 | <0.081 |
Specification | Egg Weight and Components | Albumen | Yolk | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole Egg Weight (g) | Albumen (g) | Yolk (g) | Eggshell (g) | Shell Thickness (mm) | Breaking Strengths (kgF) | pH Albumen | Albumen Height (mm) | Haugh Units | pH Yolk | Yolk Height (mm) | Yolk Diameter (mm) | Yolk Index | ||
3 weeks | C | 60.95 | 38.47 | 14.91 | 7.57 | 0.38 | 3.54 b | 8.29 d | 7.23 ab | 84.42 ab | 6.15 | 18.23 ab | 40.83 | 0.45 |
E1 | 62.25 | 40.44 | 14.38 | 7.44 | 0.38 | 4.08 ab | 8.44 cd | 8.23 a | 90.07 a | 6.37 | 17.78 ab | 39.73 | 0.45 | |
E2 | 61.57 | 38.48 | 15.27 | 7.82 | 0.39 | 4.85 a | 8.30 d | 7.63 ab | 86.68 ab | 6.43 | 17.12 ab | 41.78 | 0.41 | |
E3 | 61.57 | 38.67 | 15.32 | 7.58 | 0.37 | 4.57 ab | 8.36 d | 7.85 ab | 88.23 ab | 6.29 | 17.25 ab | 40.98 | 0.42 | |
6 weeks | C | 61.29 | 38.95 | 15.07 | 7.27 | 0.39 | 4.51 ab | 8.85 a | 7.16 ab | 83.60 ab | 6.33 | 17.92 ab | 39.91 | 0.45 |
E1 | 62.14 | 39.40 | 15.40 | 7.34 | 0.38 | 4.23 ab | 8.62 bc | 7.76 ab | 87.18 ab | 6.25 | 18.32 a | 40.67 | 0.45 | |
E2 | 61.32 | 38.97 | 15.22 | 7.13 | 0.39 | 4.42 ab | 8.67 ab | 6.68 b | 80.67 b | 6.22 | 17.51 ab | 41.21 | 0.43 | |
E3 | 60.87 | 38.07 | 15.64 | 7.17 | 0.38 | 4.42 ab | 8.69 ab | 7.18 ab | 83.90 ab | 6.16 | 17.16 ab | 41.63 | 0.41 | |
Main effects | ||||||||||||||
Group | C | 61.12 | 38.71 | 14.99 | 7.42 | 0.38 | 4.02 | 8.57 | 7.19 | 84.01 | 6.24 | 17.83 a | 40.37 | 0.45 a |
E1 | 62.19 | 39.92 | 14.89 | 7.38 | 0.37 | 4.15 | 8.53 | 8.00 | 88.62 | 6.31 | 17.81 a | 40.20 | 0.45 a | |
E2 | 61.44 | 38.73 | 15.24 | 7.47 | 0.38 | 4.64 | 8.49 | 7.16 | 83.68 | 6.33 | 17.32 ab | 41.50 | 0.42 b | |
E3 | 61.22 | 38.37 | 15.48 | 7.38 | 0.37 | 4.50 | 8.52 | 7.51 | 86.07 | 6.23 | 17.25 b | 41.31 | 0.42 b | |
SEM group | 0.412 | 0.435 | 0.258 | 0.141 | 0.004 | 0.199 | 0.030 | 0.225 | 1.34 | 0.064 | 0.183 | 0.554 | 0.008 | |
Period | ||||||||||||||
3 weeks | 61.58 | 39.01 | 14.97 | 7.60 a | 0.38 | 4.26 | 8.35 b | 7.74 a | 87.35 a | 6.31 | 17.60 | 40.83 | 0.43 | |
6 weeks | 61.41 | 38.85 | 15.33 | 7.23 b | 0.39 | 4.40 | 8.70 a | 7.19 b | 83.84 b | 6.24 | 17.72 | 40.85 | 0.44 | |
SEM period | 0.292 | 0.307 | 0.182 | 0.099 | 0.003 | 0.140 | 0.021 | 0.159 | 0.951 | 0.045 | 0.130 | 0.392 | 0.005 | |
Interaction (p-Value) | ||||||||||||||
group | 0.260 | 0.077 | 0.378 | 0.961 | 0.081 | 0.115 | 0.279 | 0.042 | 0.048 | 0.602 | 0.001 | 0.259 | 0.003 | |
period | 0.669 | 0.701 | 0.168 | 0.012 | 0.114 | 0.493 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.259 | 0.490 | 0.970 | 0.736 | |
period×group | 0.850 | 0.504 | 0.493 | 0.520 | 0.945 | 0.09 | 0.001 | 0.575 | 0.574 | 0.158 | 0.326 | 0.574 | 0.782 |
Specifications | Yolk Fan Color (DSM) | L* | a* | b* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 weeks | C | 4.83 d | 42.84 a | 0.49 d | 20.54 bc |
E1 | 7.33 c | 42.88 a | 2.80 bc | 27.51 a | |
E2 | 9.00 ab | 40.30 bc | 4.44 a | 20.62 bc | |
E3 | 9.67 a | 42.88 a | 4.42 a | 21.60 bc | |
6 weeks | C | 4.50 d | 42.06 ab | 0.12 d | 21.52 bc |
E1 | 6.89 c | 39.79 c | 2.21 c | 28.18 a | |
E2 | 8.78 ab | 40.13 bc | 3.52 ab | 18.99 c | |
E3 | 8.11 bc | 39.74 c | 3.00 bc | 22.67 b | |
Main effects | |||||
Group | C | 4.67 c | 42.45 a | 0.30 c | 21.03 bc |
E1 | 7.11 b | 41.34 ab | 2.50 b | 27.84 a | |
E2 | 8.89 a | 40.21 b | 3.98 a | 19.81 c | |
E3 | 8.89 a | 41.31 ab | 3.71 a | 22.14 b | |
SEM group | 0.222 | 0.331 | 0.169 | 0.458 | |
Period | |||||
3 weeks | 7.71 a | 42.23 a | 3.04 a | 22.57 a | |
6 weeks | 7.07 b | 40.43 b | 2.21 b | 22.84 a | |
SEM period | 0.157 | 0.234 | 0.120 | 0.324 | |
Interaction (p-Value) | |||||
group | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
period | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.549 | |
period × group | 0.139 | 0.001 | 0.149 | 0.123 |
Specifications | Experimental Diets | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | E1 | E2 | E3 | |||
Lutein + zeaxanthin (ppm) | 7.77 c | 28.67 a | 8.03 c | 12.35 b | 0.436 | 0.0001 |
Alfa tocopherol (ppm) | 158.48 | 179.34 | 160.43 | 163.74 | 6.01 | 0.167 |
Gama tocopherol (ppm) | 15.83 | 18.21 | 17.92 | 17.65 | 0.533 | 0.052 |
Vitamin E (ppm) | 174.31 | 197.55 | 178.35 | 181.39 | 6.44 | 0.166 |
Vitamin A (ppm) | 19.84 | 22.76 | 19.09 | 21.26 | 1.07 | 0.195 |
Antioxidant capacity (µM Trolox) | 0.54 b | 0.60 ab | 0.69 a | 0.60 ab | 0.033 | 0.067 |
Total polyphenols, mg/g GAE | 0.15 c | 0.19 bc | 0.29 a | 0.24 ab | 0.020 | 0.002 |
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Matache, C.-C.; Cornescu, G.M.; Drăgotoiu, D.; Cișmileanu, A.E.; Untea, A.E.; Sărăcilă, M.; Panaite, T.D. Effects of Marigold and Paprika Extracts as Natural Pigments on Laying Hen Productive Performances, Egg Quality and Oxidative Stability. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091464
Matache C-C, Cornescu GM, Drăgotoiu D, Cișmileanu AE, Untea AE, Sărăcilă M, Panaite TD. Effects of Marigold and Paprika Extracts as Natural Pigments on Laying Hen Productive Performances, Egg Quality and Oxidative Stability. Agriculture. 2024; 14(9):1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091464
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatache, Cristina-Camelia, Gabriela Maria Cornescu, Dumitru Drăgotoiu, Ana Elena Cișmileanu, Arabela Elena Untea, Mihaela Sărăcilă, and Tatiana Dumitra Panaite. 2024. "Effects of Marigold and Paprika Extracts as Natural Pigments on Laying Hen Productive Performances, Egg Quality and Oxidative Stability" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091464