Study on the Characteristics of Residual Film–Soil–Root Stubble Complex in Maize Stubble Fields of the Hexi Corridor and Establishment of a Discrete Element Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Agronomic Requirements for Maize in the Hexi Irrigation District
2.2. Experiment on Soil Parameters in Hexi Irrigation District
2.2.1. Soil Sample Properties
2.2.2. Determination of Soil Moisture Content
- m1—wet soil quality, g;
- m2—dry soil quality, g.
Soil Types | Sampling Depth/mm | Sample Number | Wet Soil Quality/g | Dry Soil Quality/g | Sample Water Content/g | Soil Moisture Content/% | Average Value/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandy soil | 50 | 1 | 94.17 | 82.39 | 11.78 | 14.3 | 12.93 |
2 | 94.73 | 84.41 | 10.32 | 12.23 | |||
3 | 107.36 | 95.64 | 11.72 | 12.25 | |||
100 | 1 | 113.17 | 97.88 | 15.29 | 15.62 | 13.55 | |
2 | 100.44 | 89.11 | 11.33 | 12.71 | |||
3 | 102.39 | 91.16 | 11.23 | 12.32 | |||
150 | 1 | 121.63 | 105.05 | 16.58 | 15.78 | 14.25 | |
2 | 104.63 | 92.10 | 12.53 | 13.6 | |||
3 | 116.43 | 102.69 | 13.74 | 13.38 |
2.2.3. Determination of Soil Density
2.2.4. Determination of Soil Compaction
2.3. Stubble–Soil Complex Shear Test
2.3.1. Experimental Method
- τ—shear strength, kPa;
- δ—vertical pressure, kPa;
- φ—friction angle, (°);
- c—adhesion, kPa.
2.3.2. Laboratory Apparatus
2.3.3. Test Process
2.3.4. Analysis of Test Results
2.4. Stubble–Soil Complex Piercing Test
2.4.1. Experimental Method
2.4.2. Laboratory Apparatus
2.4.3. Test Process
2.4.4. Analysis of Test Results
2.5. Simulation Modeling and Experimental Design
2.5.1. Establishment of a Flexible Discrete Element Method Model for Root Stubble
- εa, εb—particle Poisson’s ratio;
- Ea, Eb—elastic modulus of particles, MPa;
- ra, rb—particle radius, mm;
- F—critical pressure, N;
- R—radius of compression surface, mm;
- c—cohesion of stem, MPa;
- φ—internal friction angle, (°).
Parameter | Numerical Value |
---|---|
Poisson’s ratio | 0.32 |
Density/(kg/m3) | 108 |
Bonding radius/mm | 1.3 |
Shear modulus/Pa | 6.4 × 106 |
Recovery coefficient | References [31,32,33] |
Static friction coefficient | References [31,32,33] |
Coefficient of kinetic friction | References [31,32,33] |
Normal stiffness/(N/m3) | References [31,32,33] |
Tangential stiffness/(N/m3) | References [31,32,33] |
Normal critical stress/Pa | References [31,32,33] |
Tangential critical stress/Pa | References [31,32,33] |
2.5.2. Establishment of the Flexible Discrete Element Model of Soil
2.5.3. Discrete Element Flexible Body Modeling of Residual Film
2.5.4. Discrete Element Flexible Body Modeling of the Root Stubble–Soil-Residual Film Composite
2.5.5. Shear Simulation Test of the Root Stubble–Soil Composite
2.5.6. Piercing Simulation Test of the Root Stubble–Soil Composite
3. Results
3.1. Comparison and Verification of Shear Test Results
3.2. Analysis and Validation of Puncture Test Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- This study conducted relevant research on the soil in the Hexi Corridor and measured related soil indicators. The results showed that the soil type in the Hexi Corridor is extremely sandy, with soil particles larger than 0.05 mm and particles between 0.05 mm and 0.01 mm accounting for 80.69% and 12.67% of the soil mass, respectively. The average soil moisture contents at depths of 50 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm were 12.93%, 13.55%, and 14.25%, respectively. The soil density was 2490 kg/m3, and the average soil firmness ranged from 2800 to 3000 kPa.
- (2)
- This study conducted shear and puncture tests on the residual film, soil, and root stubble of maize stubble in the Hexi Irrigation District. The results of the shear tests indicated that the average maximum shear forces of the stubble–soil complex at different depths of 30 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm were 669.54 N, 529.67 N, and 293.53 N, respectively. The puncture test results revealed that the maximum vertical loadings of the steel needle in the stubble–soil complex puncture test at different depths of 50 mm and 100 mm were 36.26 N and 57.76 N, respectively.
- (3)
- This study established a discrete element simulation model of the maize stubble residue film–soil–root complex in the Hexi Irrigation District based on the Bonding-V2 and API rapid filling technology, and simulation tests were conducted. The reliability and accuracy of the simulation model were verified through shear and puncture tests. The results demonstrated that the differences between the simulated maximum shear force and the actual shear tests were 4.8%, 6.4%, and 6.5%. The differences between the simulated puncture tests and the actual puncture tests of two different depth stubble–soil complexes were −6.4% and −12.37%. The small difference between the simulated values and the actual values, along with the consistent particle movement trend with the actual situation, indicates that the discrete element flexible model can represent the field model and can provide a theoretical basis and parameter support for mechanized residual film recycling in China.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Location | Sample Number | Size Composition | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Grains of Sand (1–0.05 mm)/g | Coarse Dust (0.05–0.01 mm)/g | Fine (<0.001 mm)/g | ||
Soil samples in Hexi Irrigation District | Sample 1 | 168.64 | 27.59 | 0 |
Sample 2 | 165.38 | 28.6 | 0 | |
Sample 3 | 167.85 | 26.9 | 0 | |
Average value | 167.29 | 27.59 | 0 | |
Percentage | 80.69% | 12.67% | 0 |
Soil Types | Center Distance/mm | Sample 1 | Sample 2 | Sample 3 | Average Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandy soil | 0 | 1.67 | 1.75 | 1.69 | 1.70 |
50 | 2.36 | 2.62 | 2.49 | 2.49 | |
100 | 2.46 | 2.58 | 2.36 | 2.47 | |
150 | 2.42 | 2.58 | 2.53 | 2.51 |
Serial Number | Depth/mm | Maximum Shear Force/N | Average Value/N |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 30 | 668.9 | 665.16 |
2 | 30 | 652.5 | |
3 | 30 | 678.3 | |
4 | 30 | 628.6 | |
5 | 30 | 697.5 | |
6 | 50 | 516.7 | 523.94 |
7 | 50 | 502.3 | |
8 | 50 | 499.6 | |
9 | 50 | 559.7 | |
10 | 50 | 541.4 | |
11 | 100 | 380.6 | 376.76 |
12 | 100 | 359.9 | |
13 | 100 | 395.6 | |
14 | 100 | 345.1 | |
15 | 100 | 402.6 |
Serial Number | Depth/mm | Maximum Loading Force/N | Average Value/N |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 50 | 36.69 | 36.26 |
2 | 50 | 32.36 | |
3 | 50 | 35.67 | |
4 | 50 | 32.54 | |
5 | 50 | 44.05 | |
6 | 100 | 58.21 | 57.76 |
7 | 100 | 59.36 | |
8 | 100 | 57.39 | |
9 | 100 | 59.79 | |
10 | 100 | 54.04 |
Parameter | Numerical Value |
---|---|
Poisson’s ratio | 0.3 |
Density/(kg/m3) | 2490 |
Shear modulus/Pa | 5 × 107 |
Bonding radius/mm | 2.8 |
Recovery coefficient | References [32,33,34,35] |
Static friction coefficient | References [32,33,34,35] |
Coefficient of kinetic friction | References [32,33,34,35] |
Normal stiffness/(N/m3) | References [32,33,34,35] |
Tangential stiffness/(N/m3) | References [32,33,34,35] |
Normal critical stress/Pa | References [32,33,34,35] |
Tangential critical stress/Pa | References [32,33,34,35] |
Soil–stubble recovery coefficient | References [32,33,34,35] |
Soil–stubble static friction coefficient | References [32,33,34,35] |
Soil–stubble dynamic friction coefficient | References [32,33,34,35] |
Parameter | Numerical Value |
---|---|
Poisson’s ratio | 0.5 |
Density/(kg/m3) | 950 |
Shear modulus/Pa | 6.65 × 107 |
Recovery coefficient | References [36,37] |
Static friction coefficient | References [36,37] |
Coefficient of kinetic friction | References [36,37] |
Normal stiffness/(N/m3) | 3 × 107 |
Tangential stiffness/(N/m3) | 3 × 107 |
Normal critical stress/Pa | 6 × 106 |
Tangential critical stress/Pa | 6 × 106 |
Bonding radius/mm | 1.95 |
Residual film–stubble recovery coefficient | 0.3 |
Residual film–stubble static friction coefficient | 0.2 |
Residual film–stubble dynamic friction coefficient | 0.12 |
Residual film–soil recovery coefficient | References [36,37] |
Residual film–soil static friction coefficient | References [36,37] |
Residual film–soil dynamic friction coefficient | References [36,37] |
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Liu, X.; Shi, R.; Zhao, W.; Sun, W.; Li, P.; Li, H.; Zhang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, G.; Dai, F. Study on the Characteristics of Residual Film–Soil–Root Stubble Complex in Maize Stubble Fields of the Hexi Corridor and Establishment of a Discrete Element Model. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091542
Liu X, Shi R, Zhao W, Sun W, Li P, Li H, Zhang H, Wang J, Wang G, Dai F. Study on the Characteristics of Residual Film–Soil–Root Stubble Complex in Maize Stubble Fields of the Hexi Corridor and Establishment of a Discrete Element Model. Agriculture. 2024; 14(9):1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091542
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Xiaolong, Ruijie Shi, Wuyun Zhao, Wei Sun, Peiwen Li, Hui Li, Hua Zhang, Jiuxin Wang, Guanping Wang, and Fei Dai. 2024. "Study on the Characteristics of Residual Film–Soil–Root Stubble Complex in Maize Stubble Fields of the Hexi Corridor and Establishment of a Discrete Element Model" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091542