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Article

Approach to Selenium Application in Different Soil Concentrations for Encouraged Yield, Distribution, and Biofortification of Common Buckwheat Seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

by
Alexandra Zapletalová
1,
Marek Kolenčík
1,*,
Ladislav Ducsay
1,
Mária Vicianová
1,
Tomáš Vician
2,
Ivan Černý
2 and
Rastislav Bušo
3
1
Institute of Agrochemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
2
Institute of Plant Production, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
3
National Agricultural and Food Centre, Department of Growing Systems, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2025, 15(8), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080891 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 18 March 2025 / Revised: 16 April 2025 / Accepted: 17 April 2025 / Published: 19 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The soil application of essential trace elements, such as selenium and its various agrochemical species, presents a real challenge for modern agriculture. However, unknown exceeding threshold concentrations could target potential toxicity within the soil–plant–organism. When applied at optimal levels and combined with the common buckwheat—a crop of the future known for its high nutritional value—this poses a novel academic approach. Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine the effect of three concentrations (150, 300, and 600 g/ha) of selenium species (sodium selenite and sodium selenate) on mobility and distribution within the common buckwheat plant, including its impact on the biofortification. The research was carried out during the 2022 and 2023 seasons through pot experiments in semi-regulated conditions located in the Central European agronomic region. Following manual harvesting, chemical analysis was conducted using methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), along with yield determination. The results confirmed the positive effect of Se6+ 150 g/ha and Se4+ 150 g/ha and 300 g/ha on seed yield. Oppositely, Se6+ 600 g/ha caused a decrease in seed yield of 23.87%. For biofortification of common buckwheat is most suitable Se6+ in a dose of 150 g/ha, where the Se content in seeds, 3.30 ± 0.46 mg/kg, was achieved. The soil fertility index, based on PCA, indicated that Se6+ at 150 g/ha exhibited the highest biofortification efficiency without compromising yield.

1. Introduction

Selenium (Se) is classified as an essential micronutrient for humans, and its positive effects have been confirmed by various scientific studies [1,2,3,4,5,6]. According to the WHO recommendations for human demand [7], the Se intake is 26 µg/day/person for women and 34 µg/day/person for men. Selenium is more bioavailable in fish and meat, though grains in a plant-based diet generally provide a certain quantity for human requirements [8].
On the one side, selenium deficiency primarily manifests through symptoms affecting the heart muscles and joints, increased male infertility, higher prostate cancer risk, and susceptibility to neurological disorders [3]. On the other side, exceeding high doses of selenium (>900 µg/day) leads to toxicity symptoms, such as gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., nausea, diarrhea), hair loss, abnormal nails, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, irritability, and garlic-like halitosis [9].
Based on their origin and distribution, selenium is divided into organic-related geochemical species, such as selenoproteins and selenosaccharides, and inorganic forms, including elemental selenium (Se0), selenite (SeO32−), and selenate (SeO42−). Inorganic forms could be integrated into organic protein compounds, such as selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys), which are metabolically available to the human body [10]. Plants absorb both organic and inorganic selenium species from the soil environment or hydroponic solutions [6], with selenate generally occurring in higher concentrations than selenite [11].
The selenium phytoavailability is governed by soil characteristics such as the pH, organic matter content and quality, content and form of clay minerals, cation exchange capacity, etc., and these aspects should be considered in agronomic biofortification strategies. The lower particle size distribution in clay-type soils was confirmed for selenate, where higher clay content increased its adsorption capacity (67%), thus reducing uptake and absorption by the aboveground rice plants without symptoms of toxicity [10].
In general, higher selenate content is found in well-aerated alkaline soils, whereas selenite occurs in acidic to neutral soils with lower oxygen content [12]. However, other soil characteristics, such as carbonate content and organic matter levels, have not been widely discussed in the academic literature, particularly from the perspective of the Central European agronomic region under long-term climate changes.
In the soil environment, the root system most commonly absorbs selenate via sulfate permease due to the chemical similarity between selenate and sulfate [13], while selenite may be absorbed through phosphate or silica membranes [14].
Furthermore, selenites accumulate primarily in the roots, while selenates are rapidly distributed to the aboveground parts [15,16,17]. The concentration of applied selenium appears to be a significant factor in its uptake. It has been found that low selenium concentrations not only promoted plant growth but also had a positive effect on increasing yield and quality [18]. Conversely, high selenium concentrations could potentially inhibit natural plant growth and development, reduce selenium accumulation in grains, and be associated with decreased yield and quality parameters [19,20].
Biofortification of plant-based diets is essential to supplement specific elements needed for the proper functioning of the human body through daily intake [21]. In this context, the common buckwheat is a promising plant for human consumption due to its balanced valuable nutrition, low risk for celiac disease, and relevance in selenium-deficient regions [13,22,23].
The Se translocation from soil to edible parts of the plant has been investigated minimally in academic or real-world contexts. A study on common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) used foliar and soil Se applications to enhance yield, but the role of different Se species in soil was not addressed. Additionally, the results showed that higher doses led to increased Se accumulation in the grain [24].
Due to these reasons, our goal was Se soil application for biofortification strategies of common buckwheat seeds using different Se geochemical species and doses. The mobility, transition, distribution, and accumulation in aboveground plant organs were also examined to better understand the behavior, fate, and potential toxicity of various selenium species in the soil–plant agroecosystem.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Material and Design

The experiments were carried out in pots (10 L/1 pc) with a soil weight of 8.5 kg in 2022 and 2023. The total number of pots was 35 pcs, i.e., 7 variants in 5 repetitions. The experimental variants were arranged in a random order. The used soil was Haplic Luvisol according to World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006, in USDA Soil Taxonomy 2010 Typic Hapludalfs, medium heavy and loamy soil. The physical properties of the experimental soil are specified in Table 1. The treatments consisted of a control and variants with sodium selenite (150, 300, and 600 g/ha) and sodium selenate (150, 300, and 600 g/ha) solutions and the soil-applied Se concentrations and their effects were selected according to Zea mays L. [18].
Experimental pots were placed in an experimental cage where they were exposed to the external weather conditions of the experimental site at the campus of SUA (Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra). The experiments were conducted under semi-regulated conditions (irrigation was used according to the moisture requirements of buckwheat). Irrigation was carried out manually according to weather conditions at the same rate in all pots (0.49 liters/pot), determined on 35% of the field water capacity. The water source for semi-regulated irrigation was deionized water (Se content 0.00 mg/kg).
SUA site is situated in the continental climate zone; the climatic region is very warm, very dry, and lowland with the sum of average daily temperatures TS > 10 °C [25], the climatic indicator of irrigation according to Budyk VI–VIII 200 mm of precipitation. Trends of average monthly temperatures and average precipitation totals during the growing season in 2022 and 2023 are shown in Figure 1.
Pots experiments were carried out in spatial-related metal construction which corresponds to aerial systems that omitted negative effects of birds and animals. This system originally simulated natural agroecological and climatical conditions of middle Europe’s agronomical region.

2.2. Experimental Methods

The solutions were applied once before sowing together with the basal fertilization. Basal fertilization was applied according to the results of agrochemical soil analysis, determined according to the methodology by Mehlich [26] (Table 2), and nutrient requirements of common buckwheat.
The experiments were carried out by conventional cultivation method on common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). The number of plants within the experimental pot was 13 pcs. Se solutions were prepared based on the following ratios (Table 3).
After reaching optimal maturity (the phase of ripe grain), the plants were harvested manually and divided into roots, stems (with leaves), and grains. The roots were carefully washed with deionized water [27]. After the cleaning procedure, all plant parts were dried to constant moisture and prepared by grinding for Se determination.
The selenium analysis of biological samples (roots, stems, and seeds) and soil samples was taken from each treatment and replicate. The weight of biological samples was 20 g and soil samples 100 g. The selenium content in biological samples was determined by the ICP-MS method, which is based on the principle of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (equipment model: ICP-MS Agilent 7900, country of origin is Tokyo, Japan). The selenium content in soil samples was determined before sowing and after harvesting by the HG-AAS method.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

The obtained results were evaluated using the statistical software TIBCO Statistica®, version 14.0 (TIBCO Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). Multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effects of the main experimental factors on the monitored parameters of buckwheat. Post hoc analysis using Tukey’s HSD test was performed to determine any significant differences within factors with a significance level of α = 0.05.

3. Results

This study confirmed a statistically significant difference between the years 2022 and 2023 on experimental parameters (Table 4). A statistically non-significant effect of year on Se content in soil (p = 0.5567) was detected. Analysis of differences across experimental years confirmed a significant effect of 2023 on Se content in roots, 2.84 ± 1.21 mg/kg; stems, 3.45 ± 3.26 mg/kg; buckwheat seeds, 3.10 ± 2.20 mg/kg; and yield of seeds, 1.93 ± 0.39 t/ha (Table 4).
The application of two Se species had a significant effect on all studied parameters. The differences studied within the different forms and concentrations of Se revealed the fact that the highest concentration of Se V3 in the selenate form caused a significantly highest rate of Se content in roots, 4.10 ± 0.46 mg/kg; stems, 9.83 ± 0.44 mg/kg; and buckwheat seeds, 7.18 ± 0.34 mg/kg. The highest Se content in soil was found 0.36 ± 0.11 mg/kg after the application of selenite V3. The highest yield of seeds was recorded on the Se6+ V1 variant, 1.85 ± 0.50 mg/kg (Table 2). On the other side, Se6+ doses (300 and 600 g/ha) caused a reduction in yields in comparison with control (Table 4). The increase in yield of seeds was confirmed in doses 150 and 300 g/ha of Se4+.
The tendency of Se transfer through different plant parts is shown in Figure 2. The curve of Se translocation through the plant is characterized by Se accumulation in the roots, the decrease in the stems (except for the Se6+ V2 and Se6+ V3 variants), and the subsequent increase in the seeds (except for the Se6+ V2 and Se6+ V3 variants).
To investigate Se transfer and accumulation in different parts of common buckwheat, transfer coefficients (TC Se) were calculated as TC roots, TC stems, and TC seeds based on the relation [28]:
TC root = C root/C soil
TC stem = C stem/C root
TC seed = C seed/C stem
where C represents the Se concentration in the monitored plant part (root, stem, and seed) or in the soil (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Transfer coefficients TC root confirmed the highest amount of Se applied from soil to roots. The significant differences of the transfer coefficients TC soil/root, TC root/stem, and TC stem/seed in average of studied years are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
The analysis of the results of TC roots confirmed the highest selenium concentration of 24.66 ± 6.76 mg/kg in roots when the selenate form of selenium was applied at a dose of 600 g/ha. TC stem evaluation showed a significantly highest Se concentration of 2.41 ± 0.17 mg/kg in stems after application of selenate form of Se6+ 600 g/ha. The highest Se concentration after the transition from stem to seeds, 3.39 ± 1.83 mg/kg, was found with Se4+ 150 g/ha.

4. Discussion

Each agricultural crop has its own specific temperature and precipitation requirements, which it needs during crucial growth stages to achieve optimum yields of the required quality. As many studies have confirmed, weather conditions significantly affect the nutrition and yield of cultivated crops [29,30,31], which was also confirmed by our results. Common buckwheat has become an important and nutritionally valuable crop because of its valuable dietetic properties [23]. These health-promoting properties can be enhanced by the biofortification of selenium, a micronutrient whose intake may be preventive against various population diseases such as cardiovascular, cancer, and other diseases [3].
Selenium biofortification of agricultural crops can be carried out by soil or foliar application of different species of selenium [32,33]. In a previous study [24], it was observed that foliar Se treatment (applied at 5 g/ha Se) had a slightly greater effect on yield compared to soil Se treatment (applied at 6 g/ha Se). The analysis of Se confirmed higher accumulation in buckwheat seeds after foliar application than soil application, likely due to the more complex relationships in the soil environment.
Research conducted identified selenite as a more effective form than selenate for lettuce. Selenite is mainly absorbed in roots and incorporated into sulfur-containing compounds, limiting its movement to shoots. In contrast, selenate is more mobile, facilitating root-to-shoot transport and leading to higher Se accumulation in aerial tissues [34].
Our results show that the selenate form is more suitable for Se accumulation in seeds and yield of seeds common buckwheat when Se is applied to the soil. The application dose that most affected the monitored parameters in our study was 600 g/ha. However, the yield of seeds was positively affected by doses 150 g/ha of Se6+ and 150 and 300 g/ha of Se4+. The negative effect of dose Se6+ 600 g/ha on yield could be caused by high applied concentration. This result confirmed a negative reflection of buckwheat on yield, where an excessive dose of selenium caused a significant decrease in yield. The results in Se toxicity research in plants based on applied doses confirmed that low amounts of applied Se promoted growth and development; on the contrary, too high doses can be threatening for the plant in terms of slowing growth, photosynthesis disturbances, affecting nutrient uptake and translocation [1,31,35].
Selenium contents in soils worldwide have been recalculated at an average value of 0.33 mg/kg, but the range of concentrations is very wide from 0.005 to 3.5 mg/kg. As reported in the study [8], the main factors that influence the forms and behavior of Se in soil are Eh and pH, along with organic ligands, clays, and hydroxides. The soils of Central Europe mainly in Slovakia are poor in selenium (less than 0.2 mg/kg Se). Soil applications can be a good approach to enriching the soil with this element. After the higher selenium doses applied in our experiment, soil selenium concentration levels were in the range of 0.17–0.36 mg/kg. In the context of repeated soil applications, it should be considered that the rate of selenium accumulation in the soil may gradually increase enough to cause an environmental burden.
Se concentration in younger leaves of plants is higher compared to older ones [35,36]. Inside plant cells, Se is mainly accumulated in their vacuoles [37,38]. The rate of Se accumulation was closely related to the Se dose. As they reported, appropriate application of Se in common buckwheat cultivation could lead to an increase in grain yield associated with higher accumulation of Se in the seeds. Contradictory to our results is a study [39], where Se accumulation was observed in Tartary buckwheat after the application of the selenite form of Se.
The highest selenium concentration was distributed in the order of roots, seeds, and stems. We suppose that selenium is a part of antioxidant systems and is transported and incorporated into generative organs rather than vegetative parts of the plant. Selenate (Se6+) showed greater translocation from roots to shoots compared to selenite (Se4+), confirming its higher mobility in plants. A study [40] conducted monitored the response of buckwheat tartar to Se nutrition where different concentrations of sodium selenite were used by foliar application. The results showed the selenium content of Tartary buckwheat seeds was positively correlated with selenium concentration and increased with increasing selenium concentration. While the yield of Tartary buckwheat first increased and then decreased with increasing selenium concentration. Se content in seeds and seed yield of Tartary buckwheat were influenced by selenium application concentration for soil and foliar application. In the study with Se supplementation of rice cultivated in soil and hydroponically, high applied selenate concentrations were the reason for impaired growth and yield with lower selenate adsorption in soil. Achieved higher Se concentrations in shoots and seeds can cause possible risks in animal and human nutrition [41]. Similar results to the study [40] were obtained: the increasing concentration of applied Se nutrition (600 g/ha) decreased the achieved yield of seeds of common buckwheat. Reverse effects with arugula were found—higher dry mass production and macronutrient accumulation content in the shoots due to increased physiological processes were confirmed when it absorbed the residual Se in the form of selenate at increasing doses [14].
In terms of a more precise comparison of our results, there is limited literature and scientific studies on common buckwheat cultivation. Therefore, we consider it beneficial to add our achieved knowledge in this area for the future direction of research activities and goals, in the context of monitoring soil and foliar applications of selenium under field conditions in common buckwheat cultivation.

5. Conclusions

This study used different selenium species for biofortification and the amount of selenium translocated in the different parts of the plant of common buckwheat was observed in 2022 and 2023.
The buckwheat seeds are a crucial part of the biofortification process. The highest selenium content in seeds, 7.18 ± 0.34 mg/kg, was obtained after the application of Se6+ form at a dose of 600 g/ha. This Se dose caused a depressed reduction of seed yield, which corresponds to a 23.87% decrease in seed yield. Doses 150 g/ha of Se6+ and 150 and 300 g/ha of Se4+ affected the yield of seeds positively. The soil fertility index, based on PCA, indicated that Se6+ at 150 g/ha exhibited the highest biofortification efficiency without compromising yield, providing a potential strategy for biofortification in Se-deficient soils. The distribution of selenium in the plant showed that selenate (Se6+) exhibited greater translocation from roots to shoots compared to selenite (Se4+), confirming its higher mobility in plants. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of interdisciplinary research in soil agrochemistry applications and nutritional food quality.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.Z. and M.V.; methodology, L.D.; software, T.V.; validation, A.Z., L.D., and M.K.; formal analysis, A.Z.; investigation, M.V.; resources, A.Z.; data curation, T.V.; writing—original draft preparation, A.Z.; writing—review and editing, L.D., and M.K.; visualization, M.V.; supervision, T.V., M.K., and L.D.; project administration, I.Č. and R.B.; funding acquisition, I.Č. and R.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Scientific Grant Agency (VEGA) of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, project no. 1/0655/23 https://www.minedu.sk/data/att/c31/29751.7eaae4.xlsx (accessed on 1 January 2024).

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Development of weather conditions in 2022−2023.
Figure 1. Development of weather conditions in 2022−2023.
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Figure 2. Se content (mg/kg) in soil and plant parts of buckwheat after Se treatment in 2022 and 2023.
Figure 2. Se content (mg/kg) in soil and plant parts of buckwheat after Se treatment in 2022 and 2023.
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Figure 3. Amount of Se redistributed within the common buckwheat parts in 2022.
Figure 3. Amount of Se redistributed within the common buckwheat parts in 2022.
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Figure 4. Amount of Se redistributed within the common buckwheat parts in 2023.
Figure 4. Amount of Se redistributed within the common buckwheat parts in 2023.
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Figure 5. Differences of Se content in roots based on the TC root in average of studied years, where ** represents significant effect at level α < 0.01; * significant effect at level α < 0.05.
Figure 5. Differences of Se content in roots based on the TC root in average of studied years, where ** represents significant effect at level α < 0.01; * significant effect at level α < 0.05.
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Figure 6. Differences of Se content in stems and seeds based on the TC root in average of studied years, where ** represents significant effect at level α < 0.01.
Figure 6. Differences of Se content in stems and seeds based on the TC root in average of studied years, where ** represents significant effect at level α < 0.01.
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Table 1. Physical properties of experimental soil.
Table 1. Physical properties of experimental soil.
CharacteristicsValue
Soil reaction pH/KCl (0.2 mol/dm3 KCl)
Soil reaction pH/H		6.88–7.20 (pH units)
1.67–1.84 mmol/kg
Carbonates content
Dry unit weight 		4.45–4.50%
1500–1600 kg/m3
Porosity
Humus content		36–39%
1.9–2.09%
Table 2. Agrochemical analysis of experimental soil.
Table 2. Agrochemical analysis of experimental soil.
Element and Method of Its DeterminationYearContent in Soil
(mg/kg)
pH/KCl
(0.2 mol/dm3 KCl) (pH units)		20226.88
20237.20
Nan
(sum of N-NH4+ and N-NO3−)		20228.8
20235.4
N-NH4+
(colorimetrically, Nessler’s reagent)		20225.0
20233.0
N-NO3−
(colorimetrically, phenol 2,4—disulfonic acid)		20223.8
20232.4
P—available
(colorimetrically, Mehlich III):		20227.5
202310.0
K—available
(flame photometry, Mehlich III):		2022165
2023132.5
Mg—available
(AAS, Mehlich III):		2022460
2023426
Ca—available
(flame photometry, Mehlich III):		20227450
20237450
Se total20220.20
(HG-AAS atomic absorption spectrometry)20230.20
% of humus20221.22
20230.94
Table 3. Preparation of Se solutions.
Table 3. Preparation of Se solutions.
Applicated ContentSe Application Dose with Water Per Pot
Control500 mL of deionized water
Se4+ V1 (150 g sodium selenite)0.74 mL Se4+ and deionized water
Se4+ V2 (300 g sodium selenite1.48 mL Se4+ and deionized water
Se4+ V3 (600 g sodium selenite)2.96 mL Se4+ and deionized water
Se6+ V1 (150 g sodium selenate)0.74 mL Se6+ and deionized water
Se6+ V2 (300 g sodium selenate)1.48 mL Se6+ and deionized water
Se6+ V3 (600 g sodium selenate)2.96 mL Se6+ and deionized water
Table 4. Analysis of different Se species and applicated Se doses on Se concentration in common buckwheat parts and yield of seeds.
Table 4. Analysis of different Se species and applicated Se doses on Se concentration in common buckwheat parts and yield of seeds.
Se in Roots (mg/kg)Se in Stems (mg/kg)Se in Seeds (mg/kg)Se in Soil (mg/kg)Yield of Seeds (t/ha)
Year0.0000 **0.0000 **0.0000 **0.55690.0000 **
Treatment0.0000 **0.0000 **0.0000 **0.0000 **0.0000 **
Year x Treatment0.0000 **0.0000 **0.0000 **0.0002 *0.0000 **
20222.53 ± 1.07 a2.69 ± 3.08 a2.74 ± 2.03 a0.21 ± 0.05 a1.26 ± 0.12 a
20232.84 ± 1.21 b3.45 ± 3.26 b3.10 ± 2.20 b0.22 ± 0.11 a1.93 ± 0.39 b
Control0.57 ± 0.14 a0.18 ± 0.07 a0.17 ± 0.06 a0.19 ± 0.03 a1.55 ± 0.20 bc
Se4+ V12.20 ± 0.14 b0.60 ± 0.37 b1.58 ± 0.10 b0.17 ± 0.01 a1.72 ± 0.50 de
Se4+ V22.69 ± 0.28 c1.90 ± 0.77 c1.87 ± 0.09 c0.24 ± 0.06 a1.78 ± 0.51 de
Se4+ V33.59 ± 0.12 d2.45 ± 0.82 d2.53 ± 0.16 d0.36 ± 0.11 b1.67 ± 0.62 cd
Se6+ V12.15 ± 0.72 b1.83 ± 0.26 c3.30 ± 0.46 e0.18 ± 0.03 a1.85 ± 0.50 e
Se6+ V22.37 ± 1.06 b4.74 ± 0.73 e3.84 ± 0.31 f0.19 ± 0.05 a1.44 ± 0.21 b
Se6+ V34.10 ± 0.46 e9.83 ± 0.44 f7.18 ± 0.34 g0.18 ± 0.04 a1.18 ± 0.09 a
* Statistically significant effect at level α < 0.05; ** statistically significant effect at level α < 0.01; a–g different small letters indicate significant differences (Tuckey HSD test, α = 0.05).
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Zapletalová, A.; Kolenčík, M.; Ducsay, L.; Vicianová, M.; Vician, T.; Černý, I.; Bušo, R. Approach to Selenium Application in Different Soil Concentrations for Encouraged Yield, Distribution, and Biofortification of Common Buckwheat Seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Agriculture 2025, 15, 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080891

AMA Style

Zapletalová A, Kolenčík M, Ducsay L, Vicianová M, Vician T, Černý I, Bušo R. Approach to Selenium Application in Different Soil Concentrations for Encouraged Yield, Distribution, and Biofortification of Common Buckwheat Seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Agriculture. 2025; 15(8):891. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080891

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zapletalová, Alexandra, Marek Kolenčík, Ladislav Ducsay, Mária Vicianová, Tomáš Vician, Ivan Černý, and Rastislav Bušo. 2025. "Approach to Selenium Application in Different Soil Concentrations for Encouraged Yield, Distribution, and Biofortification of Common Buckwheat Seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)" Agriculture 15, no. 8: 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080891

APA Style

Zapletalová, A., Kolenčík, M., Ducsay, L., Vicianová, M., Vician, T., Černý, I., & Bušo, R. (2025). Approach to Selenium Application in Different Soil Concentrations for Encouraged Yield, Distribution, and Biofortification of Common Buckwheat Seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Agriculture, 15(8), 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080891

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