Field Population Density Effects on Field Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Maize
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Yield Estimations and Factor Effects
3.2. Thousand Kernel Weight, Bulk Density and Factor Effects
3.3. Number of Grain Rows, Grains Number per Ear, Grains Weight, and Factor Effects
3.4. Ear Characteristics and Factor Effects
3.5. Spindle Characteristics and Factor Effects
3.6. Height Characteristics and Factor Effects
3.7. Correlations between Characteristics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic per Factor | Field Yield | Thousand Kernel Weight | Weight per Litre (Bulk Density) | Grains Weight per Ear | Number of Grain Rows per Ear | Grains Number per Ear |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment factors | ||||||
Year | ||||||
2009 | 17,042 a | 398 a | 619 d | 200 c | 15.8 a | 595 a |
2010 | 15,888 b | 374 b | 636 c | 216 b | 15.6 ab | 610 a |
2011 | 9572 b | 304 d | 663 b | 157 d | 15.3 b | 517 b |
2012 | 14,352 c | 350 c | 709 a | 233 a | 15.7 ab | 610 a |
Row spacing | ||||||
75 cm | 13,701 b | 357 b | 657 | 203 a | 15.5 | 585 |
Twin rows | 14,167 b | 344 c | 658 | 192 b | 15.6 | 590 |
50 cm | 14,772 a | 369 a | 656 | 210 a | 15.6 | 573 |
Hybrid | ||||||
LG 3535 | 14,063 | 344 | 657 | 192 | 15.3 | 576 |
COSTANZA | 14,364 | 369 | 656 | 211 | 15.9 | 589 |
Plant density (Plant/ha) | ||||||
75000 | 13,900 | 364 | 656 | 213 | 15.6 | 601 |
112,500 | 14,527 | 350 | 657 | 190 | 15.6 | 565 |
Characteristic per Factor | Ear Length | Ear Diameter | Spindle Weight per Ear | Spindle Diameter | Plant Height | Ear Emergence Height |
Treatment factors | ||||||
Year | ||||||
2009 | 19.3 a | 51.7 a | 46.99 a | 27.5 a | 335 a | 133 |
2010 | 18.9 b | 48.9 b | 40.72 b | 25.3 b | 320 b | 134 |
2011 | 17.8 d | 44.2 d | 23.23 d | 23.4 c | 308 c | 132 |
2012 | 18.5 c | 46.2 c | 36.12 c | 20.1 d | 305 c | 134 |
Row spacing | ||||||
75 cm | 18.5 b | 47.6 ab | 36.67 ab | 24.3 | 312 b | 110 c |
Twin rows | 18.3 b | 47.3 b | 35.28 b | 23.9 | 318 a | 140 b |
50 cm | 19.1 a | 48.3 a | 38.34 a | 24.1 | 320 a | 149 a |
Hybrid | ||||||
LG 3535 | 17.8 | 46.9 | 31.93 | 23.3 | 317 | 133 |
COSTANZA | 19.3 | 48.6 | 41.60 | 24.9 | 316 | 133 |
Plant density (Plant/ha) | ||||||
75,000 | 19.1 | 48.3 | 37.39 | 24.3 | 317 | 133 |
112,500 | 18.1 | 47.2 | 36.14 | 23.9 | 316 | 133 |
Characteristic per Factor | Field Yield | Thousand Kernel Weight | Weight per Litre (Bulk Density) | Grains Weight per Ear | Number of Grain Rows per Ear | Grains Number per Ear | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of variation | df | ||||||
Year (Y) | 3 | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | *** |
Replication (Y) | 12 | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Row spacing (R) | 2 | *** | *** | ns | ** | ns | * |
Y × R | 6 | *** | *** | *** | ** | * | ns |
Rep (Y) × R | 24 | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns |
Hybrid (H) | 1 | ns | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns |
Y × H | 3 | ** | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns |
R × H | 2 | ns | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Y × R × H | 6 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Plant density (P) | 1 | ** | ** | ns | *** | ns | *** |
Y × P | 3 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
R × P | 2 | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Y × R × P | 6 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
H × P | 1 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Y × H × P | 3 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
R × H × P | 2 | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Y × R × H × P | 6 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Poled error | 108 | ||||||
CV% | 9.3 | 9.0 | 4.3 | 14.0 | 4.6 | 11.2 | |
Characteristic per Factor | Ear Length | Ear Diameter | Spindle Weightper Ear | Spindle Diameter | Plant Height | Ear Emergence Height | |
Source of variation | df | ||||||
Year (Y) | 3 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns |
Replication (Y) | 12 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Row spacing (R) | 2 | *** | * | * | ns | *** | *** |
Y × R | 6 | * | * | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Rep (Y) x R | 24 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Hybrid (H) | 1 | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | ns |
Y × H | 3 | ns | *** | *** | ns | ns | ns |
R × H | 2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Y × R × H | 6 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Plant density (P) | 1 | *** | *** | ns | * | ns | ns |
Y × P | 3 | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns |
R × P | 2 | ns | ns | ns | *** | ns | * |
Y × R × P | 6 | * | ns | ns | ** | ns | ns |
H × P | 1 | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns |
Y × H × P | 3 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
R × H × P | 2 | ns | ns | *** | * | ns | ns |
Y × R × H × P | 6 | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns |
Poled error | 108 | ||||||
CV% | 5.9 | 3.8 | 18.8 | 5.0 | 2.8 | 4.7 |
Field Yield | Thousand Kernel Weight | Weight Per Litre (Bulk Density) | Grains Weight per Ear | Number of Grain Rows per Ear | Grains Number per Ear | Ear Length | Ear Diameter | Spindle Weight per Ear | Spindle Diameter | Plant Height | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thousand Kernel Weight | 0.647 ** | ||||||||||
Weight per Litre | −0.275 ** | −0.261 ** | |||||||||
Grains Weight per Ear | 0.497 ** | 0.571 ** | 0.139 | ||||||||
Number of Grain Rows per Ear | 0.215 ** | 0.269 ** | 0.057 | 0.337 ** | |||||||
Grains Number per Ear | 0.425 ** | 0.321 ** | −0.004 | 0.670 ** | 0.341 ** | ||||||
Ear Length | 0.380 ** | 0.617 ** | −0.149 * | 0.660 ** | 0.311 ** | 0.480 ** | |||||
Ear Diameter | 0.707 ** | 0.772 ** | −0.441 ** | 0.536 ** | 0.382 ** | 0.450 ** | 0.636 ** | ||||
Spindle Weight per Ear | 0.660 ** | 0.729 ** | −0.282 ** | 0.567 ** | 0.311 ** | 0.494 ** | 0.626 ** | 0.732 ** | |||
Spindle Diameter | 0.384 ** | 0.503 ** | −0.640 ** | −0.003 | 0.190 ** | 0.067 | 0.422 ** | 0.672 ** | 0.514 ** | ||
Spindle Weight per Ear | 0.544 ** | 0.462 ** | −0.516 ** | 0.130 | 0.125 | 0.187 ** | 0.347 ** | 0.646 ** | 0.461 ** | 0.666 ** | |
Ear Length | 0.175 * | 0.031 | −0.003 | 0.066 | 0.038 | −0.023 | 0.122 | 0.062 | 0.009 | −0.048 | 0.237 ** |
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Greveniotis, V.; Zotis, S.; Sioki, E.; Ipsilandis, C. Field Population Density Effects on Field Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Maize. Agriculture 2019, 9, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070160
Greveniotis V, Zotis S, Sioki E, Ipsilandis C. Field Population Density Effects on Field Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Maize. Agriculture. 2019; 9(7):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070160
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreveniotis, Vasileios, Stylianos Zotis, Evangelia Sioki, and Constantinos Ipsilandis. 2019. "Field Population Density Effects on Field Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Maize" Agriculture 9, no. 7: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070160