Quality Determinants and Effect of Therapeutic Properties in Honey Consumption. An Exploratory Study on Italian Consumers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Therapeutic Properties of Honey: A Brief Review
3. Consumption of Honey: Theoretical Framework
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Anklam, E. Safe Food and Healthy Diets. In Emerging and Traditional Technologies for Safe, Healthy and Quality Food; Nedović, V., Raspor, P., Lević, J., Tumbas Šaponjac, V., Barbosa-Cánovas, G., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2016; pp. 3–8. [Google Scholar]
- Annunziata, A.; Scarpato, D. Factors affecting consumer attitudes towards food products with sustainable attributes. Agric. Econ. 2014, 60, 353–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dowd, K.; Burke, K.J. The influence of ethical values and food choice motivations on intentions to purchase sustainably sourced foods. Appetite 2013, 69, 137–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teichert, T.; Mühlbach, C. The Second Health Care Market: Market Mapping Based upon Consumer Perception. Gesundheitswesen 2018, 80, 247–249. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Crofton, E.C.; Markey, A.; Scannell, A.G.M. Consumers’ expectations and needs towards healthy cereal based snacks: An exploratory study among Irish adults. Br. Food J. 2013, 115, 1130–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jezovicová, K.; Turcínková, J.; Drexler, D. The influence of package attributes on consumer perception at the market with healthy food. Acta Univ. Agric. Et Silvic. Mendel. Brun. 2016, 64, 1919–1926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nielsen, K.E. Health beneficial consumer products—Status and trends. In Developing Food Products for Consumers with Specific Dietary Needs; Osborn, S., Morley, W., Eds.; Woodhead Publishing in Food Science; Tecnology and Nutrition; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2016; pp. 15–42. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, C.M.; Moskowitz, H.R.; Lee, S.-Y. Expectations, needs and segmentation of healthy breakfast cereal consumers. J. Sens. Stud. 2007, 22, 587–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wardle, J.; Lui, C.W.; Adams, J. Complementary and alternative medicine in rural communities: Current research and future directions. J. Rural Health 2012, 28, 101–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viuda-Martos, M.; Ruiz-Navajas, Y.; Fernández-López, J.; Pérez-Álvarez, J.A. Functional Properties of Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly. J. Food Sci. 2008, 73, 117–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Şenel, E.; Demir, E. Bibliometric analysis of apitherapy in complementary medicine literature between 1980 and 2016. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2018, 31, 47–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fratellone, P.M.; Tsimis, F.; Fratellone, G. Apitherapy products for medicinal use. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2016, 22, 1020–1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alvarez-Suarez, J.M.; Giampieri, F.; Battino, M. Honey as a source of dietary antioxidants: Structures, bioavailability and evidence of protective effects against human chronic diseases. Curr. Med. Chem. 2013, 20, 621–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marghitas, L.; A.Dezmirean, D.S.; Pocol, C.B.; Ilea, M.; Bobis, O.; Gergen, I. The development of a biochemical profile of acacia honey by identifying biochemical determinants of its quality. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj Napoca 2010, 38, 84–90. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, F.; Costanza, E.; Schraefel, M.C. Honey=Sugar’ Means Unhealthy: Investigating How People Apply Knowledge to Rate Food’s Healthiness. Available online: http://www.eprints.soton.ac.uk/338310/1/ubicomp2012_162_honey=sugar_Gao.pdf (accessed on 6 June 2019).
- Battino, M.; Forbes-Hernández, T.Y.; Gasparrini, M.; Afrin, S.; Cianciosi, D.; Zhang, J.; Manna, P.P.; Reboredo-Rodríguez, P.; Varela Lopez, A.; Quiles, J.L.; et al. Relevance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet: The role of olive oil, berries and honey in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019, 59, 893–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popkin, B.M.; Gordon-Larsen, P. The nutrition transition: Worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int. J. Obes. 2004, 28, S2–S9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roman, A.; Popiela-Pleban, E.; Kozak, M. Factors influencing consumer behavior relating to the purchasing of honey part 1. The buying process and the level of consumption. J. Apic. Sci. 2013, 57, 159–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Data. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home (accessed on 11 April 2019).
- Šánová, P.; Svobodová, J.; Hrubcová, B.; Šeráková, P. Segmentation of Honey Buyers’ Behaviour by Conjoint Analysis. Sci. Agric. Bohem. 2017, 48, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schifani, G.; Romeo, P.; Guccione, G.D.; Schimmenti, E.; Columba, P.; Migliore, G. Conventions of quality in consumer preference toward local honey in southern Italy. Calitatea 2016, 17, 92. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, S.; Fooks, J.R.; Messer, K.D.; Delaney, D. Consumer demand for local honey. Appl. Econ. 2015, 47, 4377–4394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gyau, A.; Akalakou, C.; Degrande, A.; Biloso, A. Determinants of Consumer Preferences for Honey in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Food Prod. Mark. 2014, 20, 476–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pocol, C.B.; Bolboacă, S.D. Perceptions and trends related to the consumption of honey: A case study of North-West Romania. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2013, 37, 642–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kowalczuk, I.; Jezewska-Zychowicz, M.; Trafiałek, J. Conditions of honey consumption in selected regions of Poland. Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment. 2017, 16, 101–112. [Google Scholar]
- Crittenden, N.A. The importance of honey consumption in Human Evolution. Food Foodways Explor. Hist. Cult. Hum. Nourishment 2011, 19, 257–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aparna, A.R.; Rajalakshmi, D. Honey—Its characteristics, sensory aspects, and applications. Food Rev. Int. 1999, 15, 455–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trumbeckaite, S.; Dauksiene, J.; Bernatoniene, J.; Janulis, V. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Usage of Apitherapy for Disease Prevention and Treatment among Undergraduate Pharmacy Students in Lithuania. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015, 2015, 172502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zamudio, F.; Kujawska, M.; Hilgert, N.I. Honey as medicinal and food resource. Comparison between Polish and multiethnic settlements of the Atlantic Forest, Misiones, Argentina. Open Complement. Med. J. 2010, 2, 58–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gómez-Caravaca, A.M.; Gómez-Romero, M.; Arráez-Román, D.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Fernández-Gutíerrez, A. Advances in the analysis of phenolic compounds in products derived from bees. J. Pharmac. Biomed. Anal. 2006, 41, 1220–1234. [Google Scholar]
- Bogdanov, S. Short History of Honey in Medicine; Bee Product Science: Switzerland, 2017; Available online: http://www.bee-hexagon.net/files/file/fileE/HealthHoney/9HoneyMedicineReview.pdf (accessed on 7 June 2019).
- Nagai, T.; Kai, N.; Tanoue, Y.; Suzuki, N. Chemical properties of commercially available honey species and the functional properties of caramelization and Maillard reaction products derived from these honey species. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 55, 586–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreres, F.; Garciaviguera, C.; Tomaslorente, F.; Tomasbarberan, F.A. Hesperetin C a marker of the floral origin of citrus honey. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1993, 61, 121–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, L.; Datta, N.; Tomas-Barberan, F.A.; Ferreres, F.; Martos, I.; Singanusong, R. Flavonoids, phenolic acids and abscissic acid in Australian and New Zealand Leptospermum honeys. Food Chem. 2003, 81, 159–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Mamary, M.; Al-Meeri, A.; Al-Habori, M. Antioxidant activities and total phenolics of different types of honey. Nutr. Res. 2002, 22, 1041–1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Münstedt, K.; Bogdanov, S. Bee products and their potential use in modern medicine. J. ApiProduct ApiMed. Sci. 2009, 1, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gheldof, N.; Wang, X.H.; Engeseth, N.J. Buckwheat honey increases serum antioxidant capacity in humans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 1500–1505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pham-Huy, L.; He, H.; Pham-Huy, C. Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 2008, 4, 89–96. [Google Scholar]
- Molan, P.C. The antibacterial activity of honey. Variation in the potency of the antibacterial activity. Bee World 1992, 73, 59–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russell, K.M.; Molan, P.C.; Wilkins, A.L.; Holland, P.T. Identification of some antibacterial constituents of New Zealand Manuka honey. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1988, 38, 10–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bogdanov, S. Nature and origin of the antibacterial substances in honey. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 1997, 30, 748–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mundo, M.A.; Padilla-Zakour, O.I.; Worobo, R.W. Growth inhibition of foodborne pathogens and food spoilage organisms by select raw honeys. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 97, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Waili, N.S. Topical honey applications vs. acyclovir for the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex lesions. Med. Sci. Monit. 2004, 10, 94–98. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Waili, N.S.; Boni, N.S. Natural honey lowers plasma prostaglandin concentrations in normal individuals. J. Med. Food 2003, 6, 129–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsiapara, A.; Jaakkola, M.; Chinou, I.; Graikou, K.; Tolonen, T.; Virtanen, V.; Moutsatsou, P. Bioactivity of Greek honey extracts on breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (PC-3) and endometrial cancer (Ishikawa) cells: Profile analysis of extracts. Food Chem. 2009, 116, 702–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abuharfeil, N.; Al Oran, L.; Abo-Shehada, M. The effects of bee honey on the proliferative activity of human B and T lymphocytes and activity of phagocytes. Food Agric. Immunol. 2008, 169–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanz, M.L.; Polemis, N.; Morales, V.; Corzo, N.; Drakoularakou, A.; Gibson, G.R.; Rastall, R.A. In vitro investigation into the potential prebiotic activity of honey oligosaccharides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 2914–2921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murphy, M.; Cowan, C.; Henchion, M.; O’Reilly, S. Irish consumers’ preference for honey: A conjoint approach. Br. Food J. 2000, 102, 585–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ismaiel, S.; Al Kahtani, S.; Adgaba, N.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.; Zulail, A. Factors that affect consumption patterns and market demands for honey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Food Nutr. Sci. 2014, 5, 1725–1737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arvanitoyannis, I.; Krystallis, A. An empirical examination of the determinants of honey consumption in Romania. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2006, 41, 1164–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pocol, C.B.; Marghitas, L.A. A comparison between the segmentation of honey market in Romania and Ireland. Bull. UASVM 2008, 65, 279–282. [Google Scholar]
- Batt, P.J.; Liu, A. Consumer behaviour towards honey products in Western Australia. Br. Food J. 2012, 114, 285–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pocol, C.B. Consumer preferences for different honey varieties in the North West Region of Romania. Agron. Ser. Sci. Res. 2012, 55, 263–266. [Google Scholar]
- Pocol, C.B.; Ványi, G.A. A comparison between Hungarian and Romanian consumption. Bull. UASVM 2012, 69, 244–252. [Google Scholar]
- Badolato, M.; Carullo, G.; Cione, E.; Aiello, F.; Caroleo, M.C. From the hive: Honey, a novel weapon against cancer. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 142, 290–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guziy, S.; Šedík, P.; Horská, E. Comparative study of honey consumption in Slovakia and Russia. Potravin. Slovak J. Food Sci. 2017, 11, 472–479. [Google Scholar]
- Galati, A.; Schifani, G.; Crescimanno, M.; Migliore, G. “Natural wine” consumers and interest in label information: An analysis of willingness to pay in a new Italian wine market segment. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 227, 405–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCullough, D. Web-based market research: The dawning of a new age. Direct Mark. 1998, 61, 36–39. [Google Scholar]
- Li, J.G.; Jia, J.R.; Taylor, D.; Bruwer, J.; Li, E. The wine drinking behaviour of young adults: An exploratory study in China. Br. Food J. 2011, 113, 1305–1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forbes, S.L.; Cohen, D.A.; Cullen, R.; Wratten, S.D.; Fountain, J. Consumer attitudes regarding environmentally sustainable wine: An exploratory study of the New Zealand marketplace. J. Clean. Prod. 2009, 17, 1195–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Migliore, G.; Romeo, P.; Testa, R.; Schifani, G. Beyond Alternative Food Networks: Understanding Motivations to Participate in Orti Urbani in Palermo. Cult. Agric. Food Environ. 2019, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cameron, A.C.; Trivedi, P.K. (Eds.) Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Brščić, K.; Šugar, T.; Poljuha, D. An empirical examination of consumer preferences for honey in Croatia. Appl. Econ. 2017, 49, 5877–5889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alvarez-Suarez, J.M.; Giampieri, F.; González-Paramás, A.M.; Damiani, E.; Astolfi, P.; Martinez-Sanchez, G.; Bompadre, S.; Quiles, J.L.; Santos-Buelga, C.; Battino, M. Phenolics from monofloral honeys protect human erythrocyte membranes against oxidative damage. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 1508–1516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romero-Silva, S.; Angel Martinez, R.M.; Romero-Romero, L.P.; Rodriguez, O.; Gerardo Salas, C.; Morel, N.; Lopez-Munoz, F.J.; Lima-Mendoza, L.A.L.; Bravo, G. Effects of honey against the accumulation of adipose tissue and the increased blood pressure on Carbohydrate-Induced obesity in rat. Lett. Drug Des. Discov. 2011, 8, 69–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomé, K.M.; Pinho, G.M.; Hoppe, A. Consumption values and physical activities: consumers’ healthy eating choices. Br. Food J. 2019, 121, 590–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sacchi, G.; Cei, L.; Stefani, G.; Lombardi, G.; Rocchi, B.; Belletti, G.; Padel, S.; Sellars, A.; Gagliardi, E.; Nocella, G.; et al. A Multi-Actor Literature Review on Alternative and Sustainable Food Systems for the Promotion of Cereal Biodiversity. Agriculture 2018, 8, 173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pocol, C.B.; Teselios, C.M. Socio-economic determinants of honey consumption in Romania. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2012, 10, 18–21. [Google Scholar]
- Pocol, C.B. Modelling the honey consumption behaviour in Romania by using socio-demographic determinants. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2011, 6, 4069–4080. [Google Scholar]
- Kearney, M.; Kearney, J.M.; Dunne, A.; Gibney, M.J. Sociodemographic determinants of perceived influences on food choice in a nationally representative sample of Irish adults. Public Health Nutr. 2000, 3, 219–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gündüz, Ş.; Hakem, A.; Erdoğuş, M. Food safety knowledge, behavior and attitude of Libyan consumers. Qual. Quant. 2018, 52, 165–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steenhuis, I.H.M.; Waterlander, W.E.; De Mul, A. Consumer food choices: The role of price and pricing strategies. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 2220–2226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kozelová, D.; Matejková, E.; Fikselová, M.; Dékányová, J. Analysis of consumer behaviour at chocolate purchase. Potravinarstvo 2014, 8, 62–66. [Google Scholar]
- Kuchler, F. Is it food quality or quantity that responds to changing income? Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 2011, 33, 205–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ványi, G.A.; Csapó, Z.; Kárpáti, L. Evaluation of consumers′ honey purchase habits in Hungary. J. Food Prod. Mark. 2011, 17, 227–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Escuredo, O.; Fernández-González, M.; Seijo, M.C. Differentiation of Blossom Honey and Honeydew Honey from Northwest Spain. Agriculture 2012, 2, 25–37. [Google Scholar] [Green Version]
- Thrasivoulou, A. An evaluation of consumer’s preferences on honey quality. Apiacta 2000, 35, 121–125. [Google Scholar]
- Yeow, S.H.C.; Chun, S.T.S.; Yeow, J.A.; Tan, K.S. Consumer Purchase Intentions and Honey Related Products. J. Mark. Res. Case Stud. 2013, 2013, 197440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allsop, K.A.; Miller, J.B. Honey revisited: A reappraisal of honey in pre-industrial diets. Br. J. Nutr. 1996, 75, 513–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y. (Eds.) Bee Products: Properties, Applications, and Apitherapy; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Lombardi, A.; Migliore, G.; Verneau, F.; Schifani, G.; Cembalo, L. Are “good guys” more likely to participate in local agriculture? Food Qual. Prefer. 2015, 45, 158–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cosmina, M.; Gallenti, G.; Marangon, F.; Troiano, S. Attitudes towards honey among Italian consumers: A choice experiment approach. Appetite 2016, 99, 52–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jensen, J.D.; Mørkbak, M.R. Role of gastronomic, externality and feasibility attributes in consumer demand for organic and local foods: The case of honey and apples. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2013, 37, 634–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kos Skubic, M.; Erjavec, K.; Klopčič, M. Consumer preferences regarding national and EU quality labels for cheese, ham and honey: The case of Slovenia. Br. Food J. 2018, 120, 650–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Taste | 4.026 | 1.099 | 1 | 5 |
Therapeutic properties | 4.098 | 1.033 | 1 | 5 |
Natural sweetener | 4.219 | 1.079 | 1 | 5 |
Variety | 3.902 | 1.047 | 1 | 5 |
Color | 3.570 | 1.024 | 1 | 5 |
Brand | 3.174 | 1.412 | 1 | 5 |
Price | 3.468 | 1.151 | 1 | 5 |
Organic certification | 4.068 | 1.133 | 1 | 5 |
Italian origin | 3.977 | 1.203 | 1 | 5 |
Variables | Items | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 32.5 |
Female | 67.6 | |
Age (year) | 18–24 | 15.8 |
25–44 | 46.0 | |
45–64 | 34.7 | |
65–74 | 3.4 | |
Education | Lower secondary school | 6.8 |
Upper secondary school | 41.9 | |
University | 32.1 | |
Master’s degree and PhD | 19.2 | |
Household monthly income (euro) | <1300 | 7.2 |
1300–2000 | 16.6 | |
2001–2700 | 21.5 | |
2701–3400 | 19.3 | |
3401–4100 | 21.1 | |
4101–4800 | 7.6 | |
>4800 | 6.8 |
Frequency of Consumption | Freq. | Percent |
---|---|---|
Low (less than twice a month) | 92 | 34.7 |
Medium (between 3 and 4 times per month) | 74 | 27.9 |
High (higher than 4 times per month) | 99 | 37.4 |
Total | 265 | 100.0 |
Ordered logistic regression | Number of obs = 265 | |||||
LR chi2 (13) = 77.39 | ||||||
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 | ||||||
Log likelihood = −235.51476 | Pseudo R2 = 0.1411 | |||||
Frequency of consumption | Coef. | Std. err. | z | p > |z| | 95% Conf. | Interval |
Therapeutic properties | 0.591 | 0.139 | 4.26 | 0.000 | 0.319 | 0.864 |
Taste | 0.378 | 0.146 | 2.59 | 0.010 | 0.092 | 0.665 |
Natural sweetener | 0.255 | 0.139 | 1.84 | 0.066 | −0.017 | 0.526 |
Variety | 0.394 | 0.143 | 2.75 | 0.006 | 0.114 | 0.675 |
Color | −0.320 | 0.134 | −2.39 | 0.017 | −0.583 | −0.058 |
Brand | −0.107 | 0.098 | −1.08 | 0.279 | −0.300 | 0.086 |
Price | −0.096 | 0.116 | −0.83 | 0.409 | −0.324 | 0.132 |
Organic certification | 0.132 | 0.135 | 0.98 | 0.027 | −0.132 | 0.397 |
Italian origin | −0.100 | 0.126 | −0.79 | 0.431 | −0.347 | 0.148 |
Gender (1 = female; 0 = male) | 0.390 | 0.269 | 1.45 | 0.148 | −0.138 | 0.918 |
Age | 0.027 | 0.010 | 2.79 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.046 |
Education level | −0.001 | 0.151 | 0.00 | 0.996 | −0.297 | 0.296 |
Income | 0.139 | 0.080 | 1.74 | 0.082 | −0.095 | 0.218 |
Threshold 1 | 4.674739 | 1.101118 | 2.516588 | 6.83289 | ||
Threshold 1 | 7.28517 | 1.159968 | 5.011674 | 9.558666 | ||
Frequency of consumption | Odds ratio | p > |z| § | 95% Conf. | Interval | ||
Therapeutic properties | 1.806 | *** | 1.376 | 2.372 | ||
Taste | 1.460 | *** | 1.096 | 1.944 | ||
Natural sweetener | 1.290 | ** | 0.983 | 1.692 | ||
Variety | 1.483 | *** | 1.120 | 1.964 | ||
Color | 0.726 | ** | 0.558 | 0.944 | ||
Brand | 0.899 | 0.741 | 1.090 | |||
Price | 0.908 | 0.723 | 1.141 | |||
Organic certification | 1.141 | ** | 0.876 | 1.487 | ||
Italian origin | 0.905 | 0.707 | 1.159 | |||
Gender (1 = female; 0 = male) | 1.477 | 0.871 | 2.504 | |||
Age | 1.028 | ** | 1.008 | 1.048 | ||
Education level | 0.999 | 0.743 | 1.344 | |||
Income | 1.571 | * | 1.045 | 1.318 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Testa, R.; Asciuto, A.; Schifani, G.; Schimmenti, E.; Migliore, G. Quality Determinants and Effect of Therapeutic Properties in Honey Consumption. An Exploratory Study on Italian Consumers. Agriculture 2019, 9, 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080174
Testa R, Asciuto A, Schifani G, Schimmenti E, Migliore G. Quality Determinants and Effect of Therapeutic Properties in Honey Consumption. An Exploratory Study on Italian Consumers. Agriculture. 2019; 9(8):174. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080174
Chicago/Turabian StyleTesta, Riccardo, Antonio Asciuto, Giorgio Schifani, Emanuele Schimmenti, and Giuseppina Migliore. 2019. "Quality Determinants and Effect of Therapeutic Properties in Honey Consumption. An Exploratory Study on Italian Consumers" Agriculture 9, no. 8: 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080174