Impact of a Cultivation System upon the Weed Seedbank Size and Composition in a Mediterranean Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site, Climate and Soil
2.2. Experimental Design and Management Practices
2.3. Seedbank Sampling and Analysis
2.4. Weed Flora Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weed Species Richness
3.2. Weed Seedbank Density and Distribution for the Main Botanical Families
3.3. Real Weed Flora
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biological Group 1 | Botanical Family | Cultivation System | CCS 2 | OCS | UCP | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Layer Depth (cm) | Soil Layer Depth (cm) | Soil Layer Depth (cm) | |||||||||
Species | 0–5 | 5–10 | 10–15 | 0–5 | 5–10 | 10–15 | 0–5 | 5–10 | 10–15 | ||
T | Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus retroflexus L. | 32.3 ± 2.9 | 27.4 ± 1.3 | 17.1 ± 1.2 | 27.8 ± 2.5 | 18.2 ± 1.4 | 15.7 ± 2.4 | 16.8 ± 1.3 | 21.6 ± 1.2 | 23.5 ± 1.1 |
T | Primulaceae | Anagallis arvensis L. | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | - | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 7.8 ± 0.9 | 9.9 ± 0.9 | 15.4 ± 1.0 |
H | Chenopodiaceae | Beta vulgaris L. | - | 2.3 ± 0.4 | - | - | - | - | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
T | Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium album L. | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
T | Asteraceae | Conyza spp. | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - |
H | Asteraceae | Crepis vescicaria L. | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | - | - |
T | Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia helioscopia L. | 0.9 ± 0.1 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.5 |
T | Polygonaceae | Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.4 |
T | Papaveraceae | Fumaria officinalis L. | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.2 |
T | Papaveraceae | Fumaria parviflora Lam. | - | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | - | - | - | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.6 |
H | Asteraceae | Galactites elegans (All.) Soldano | 1.3± 0.2 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
T | Boraginaceae | Heliotropum europeum L. | 0.4 ± 0.1 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | 0.8 ± 0.1 | - | - | - |
T | Asteraceae | Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.4 |
T | Lamiaceae | Lamium amplexicaule L. | - | - | - | - | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.1 |
T | Malvaceae | Lavatera trimestris L. | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
T | Poaceae | Lolium multiflorum Lam. | - | - | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
T | Fabaceae | Lotus ornithopodioides L. | 0.4 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.1 | - |
H | Malvaceae | Malva rotundifolia L. | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
H | Orobanchaceae | Orobanche crenata Forsk. | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | - | - | - |
T | Papaveraceae | Papaver rhoeas L. | 0.9 ± 0.2 | - | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | - | - | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | - |
T | Poaceae | Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
T | Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleracea L. | 43.7 ± 1.5 | 45.2 ± 1.5 | 52.9 ± 2.8 | 46.3 ± 5.2 | 43.9 ± 1.7 | 51.2 ± 2.7 | 28.7 ± 2.8 | 24.1 ± 1.1 | 19.1 ± 1.6 |
H | Asteraceae | Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
T | Rubiaceae | Galium aparine L. | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
T | Solanaceae | Solanum nigrum L. | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 |
T | Asteraceae | Sonchus asper (L.) Hill | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 8.1 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.9 | 13.8 ± 1.0 | 13.0 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 1.1 |
T | Asteraceae | Sonchus oleraceus L. | - | - | 3.2 ± 0.7 | - | - | - | - | 4.3 ± 0.4 | - |
H | Verbenaceae | Verbena officinalis L. | - | - | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | - | 0.6 ± 0.1 | - | - |
T | Scrophulariaceae | Veronica cymbalaria Bodard | - | - | 1.1 ± 0.3 | - | - | - | 5.4 ± 1.0 | - | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
T | Scrophulariaceae | Veronica hederifolia L. | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | - | - | - |
T | Scrophulariaceae | Veronica persica Poiret | - | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | - | 1.7 ± 0.2 | - | - | - | |
T | Scrophulariaceae | Veronica polita Fr. | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | - |
Cultivation System | |||
---|---|---|---|
Species | CCS | OCS | UCP |
Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson | I | ||
Amaranthus retroflexus L. | III | III | II |
Anagallis arvensis L. | IV | IV | IV |
Avena sterilis L. | V | IV | |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | I | ||
Chenopodium album L. | I | I | I |
Chenopodium murale L. | I | ||
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | II | ||
Daucus carota L. | III | ||
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. | I | ||
Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. | I | II | |
Euphorbia chamaesyce L. | I | ||
Euphorbia helioscopia L. | I | I | II |
Euphorbia sp. | I | I | I |
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve | IV | V | V |
Fumaria officinalis L. | I | II | I |
Fumaria parviflora Lam. | I | I | I |
Galactites elegans (All.) Soldano | V | V | V |
Galium aparine L. | III | IV | II |
Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach | I | II | I |
Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub | IV | V | V |
Lamium amplexicaule L. | I | I | V |
Lavatera trimestris L. | I | I | |
Lolium rigidum Gaud. | V | IV | |
Malva rotundifolia L. | V | V | V |
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. | I | I | |
Medicago polymorpha L. | V | V | V |
Orobanche crenata Forsk. | IV | IV | . |
Papaver hybridum L. | III | II | I |
Papaver rhoeas L. | V | V | V |
Phalaris sp. | I | ||
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. | I | ||
Portulaca oleracea L. | II | II | II |
Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. landra (Moretti) Bonnier | IV | IV | IV |
Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth | I | ||
Sinapis arvensis L. | I | II | |
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. | II | ||
Solanum nigrum L. | IV | V | II |
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill | IV | V | V |
Sonchus oleraceus L. | V | IV | V |
Sonchus tenerrimus L. | III | II | I |
Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. | I | ||
Trifolium subterraneum L. | I | I | |
Veronica cymbalaria Bodard | V | III | I |
Veronica polita Fr. | II | I | I |
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Restuccia, A.; Lombardo, S.; Mauromicale, G. Impact of a Cultivation System upon the Weed Seedbank Size and Composition in a Mediterranean Environment. Agriculture 2019, 9, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9090192
Restuccia A, Lombardo S, Mauromicale G. Impact of a Cultivation System upon the Weed Seedbank Size and Composition in a Mediterranean Environment. Agriculture. 2019; 9(9):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9090192
Chicago/Turabian StyleRestuccia, Alessia, Sara Lombardo, and Giovanni Mauromicale. 2019. "Impact of a Cultivation System upon the Weed Seedbank Size and Composition in a Mediterranean Environment" Agriculture 9, no. 9: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9090192