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Article

The First Population Simulation for the Zalophus japonicus (Otariidae: Sea Lions) on Dokdo, Korea

by
Yoon-Ji Lee
1,
Giphil Cho
2,
Sangil Kim
3,
Inseo Hwang
4,
Seong-Oh Im
4,
Hye-Min Park
4,
Na-Yeong Kim
1,
Myung-Joon Kim
1,
Dasom Lee
1,
Seok-Nam Kwak
5 and
Sang-Heon Lee
1,*
1
Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
2
Finance·Fishery·Manufacture Industrial Mathematics Center on Big Data, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
3
Department of Mathematics, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
4
Marine Ecosystem Management Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Korea
5
Environ-Ecological Engineering Institute Company Limited, Haeundae-gu, Busan 48058, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(2), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020271
Submission received: 10 January 2022 / Revised: 7 February 2022 / Accepted: 11 February 2022 / Published: 15 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Ecosystem Assessments for Fisheries Management in the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the East/Japan Sea)
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Abstract

The Japanese sea lion (Z. japonicus) has been regarded as an extinct species since the last report on Dokdo in 1951. Not much ecological information on the Z. japonicus on Dokdo (hereafter Dokdo sea lion) is currently available. Using a discrete time stage-structured population model, we reconstructed the Dokdo sea lion population to explore the effect of human hunting pressure on them. This study provides the first estimate for the Dokdo sea lion population from 1900 to 1951. The reconstructed capture numbers of the Dokdo sea lion and the parameters estimated in this study were well matched with the recorded numbers and ecological parameters reported previously for the Californian sea lion. Based on the reconstructed population, their number rapidly declined after hunting started and it took less than 10 years for a 70% decline of the initial population, which would be considered to be an extinction risk. Since some caveats exist in this study, some caution about our results is necessary. However, this study demonstrates how rapidly human over-hunting can cause the extermination of a large local population. This study will be helpful to raise people’s awareness about endangered marine animals such as local finless porpoises in Korea.
Keywords: sea lions; Dokdo; marine mammals; pinnipeds sea lions; Dokdo; marine mammals; pinnipeds

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, Y.-J.; Cho, G.; Kim, S.; Hwang, I.; Im, S.-O.; Park, H.-M.; Kim, N.-Y.; Kim, M.-J.; Lee, D.; Kwak, S.-N.; et al. The First Population Simulation for the Zalophus japonicus (Otariidae: Sea Lions) on Dokdo, Korea. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020271

AMA Style

Lee Y-J, Cho G, Kim S, Hwang I, Im S-O, Park H-M, Kim N-Y, Kim M-J, Lee D, Kwak S-N, et al. The First Population Simulation for the Zalophus japonicus (Otariidae: Sea Lions) on Dokdo, Korea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(2):271. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020271

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Yoon-Ji, Giphil Cho, Sangil Kim, Inseo Hwang, Seong-Oh Im, Hye-Min Park, Na-Yeong Kim, Myung-Joon Kim, Dasom Lee, Seok-Nam Kwak, and et al. 2022. "The First Population Simulation for the Zalophus japonicus (Otariidae: Sea Lions) on Dokdo, Korea" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2: 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020271

APA Style

Lee, Y.-J., Cho, G., Kim, S., Hwang, I., Im, S.-O., Park, H.-M., Kim, N.-Y., Kim, M.-J., Lee, D., Kwak, S.-N., & Lee, S.-H. (2022). The First Population Simulation for the Zalophus japonicus (Otariidae: Sea Lions) on Dokdo, Korea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(2), 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020271

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