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Article

Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices

by
Riyadh F. Halawani
1,
Myra E. Wilson
2,
Kenneth M. Hamilton
2,
Fahed A. Aloufi
1,
Md. Abu Taleb
1,
Aaid G. Al-Zubieri
3 and
Andrew N. Quicksall
2,*
1
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
2
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
3
Marine Geology Department, Faculty of Marine Scienc, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050614
Submission received: 17 March 2022 / Revised: 21 April 2022 / Accepted: 25 April 2022 / Published: 30 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pollution)
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Abstract

Red Sea coastal development has rapidly accelerated in recent decades that has led to a rise in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in sediments. A total of 80 surficial sediment samples were collected from the shallow waters along the eastern Red Sea coast near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. These samples were collected from three locations, designated as North, Middle and South of Jeddah, to assess the concentrations of six heavy metals: chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). The results showed that the concentrations (mg/kg) of these metals in the studied sediments follow this order: Pb (77.34 ± 150.59) > Mn (36.52 ± 37.72) > Zn (18.02 ± 23.94) > Cr (9.56 ± 5.81) > Cu (9.18 ± 13.67) > Ni (3.68 ± 4.54). The majority of the polluted sediments were recorded in the Middle and South locations. Pollution and enrichment indices such as Geo-accumulation indices (Igeo), Enrichment Factors (Ef), Contamination Factors (Cf), Pollution Load Indices (PLI), Potential Ecological Risk Indices (PERI) and Potential Toxicity Response Indices (RI) were calculated from the measured metals to establish baselines for the region and assess specific metal enrichments by location along the Jeddah coastline. The Igeo values showed that 30% of the Southern location stations are considered moderately to highly polluted. The Ef for all the studied sediments followed this order: Pb (extremely severe enrichment) > Zn > Cu > Cd > Cr (severe enrichment) > Ni (moderate enrichment).
Keywords: Jeddah; Red Sea; heavy metals; sediments; risk indices Jeddah; Red Sea; heavy metals; sediments; risk indices

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MDPI and ACS Style

Halawani, R.F.; Wilson, M.E.; Hamilton, K.M.; Aloufi, F.A.; Taleb, M.A.; Al-Zubieri, A.G.; Quicksall, A.N. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050614

AMA Style

Halawani RF, Wilson ME, Hamilton KM, Aloufi FA, Taleb MA, Al-Zubieri AG, Quicksall AN. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(5):614. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050614

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halawani, Riyadh F., Myra E. Wilson, Kenneth M. Hamilton, Fahed A. Aloufi, Md. Abu Taleb, Aaid G. Al-Zubieri, and Andrew N. Quicksall. 2022. "Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 5: 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050614

APA Style

Halawani, R. F., Wilson, M. E., Hamilton, K. M., Aloufi, F. A., Taleb, M. A., Al-Zubieri, A. G., & Quicksall, A. N. (2022). Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(5), 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050614

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