On Statistical Features of Ice Loads on Fixed and Floating Offshore Structures

Apart from the mechanisms of ice structure interactions under various scenarios of sea ice conditions and structural configurations, the selection of probabilistic models is crucial in order to cope with the loading uncertainty. Sea ice is the primary contributor to design loads in cold regions. In many cases, ice loads present the highest magnitude. In recent years, the probabilistic study of ice thickness, ice strength coefficient, flexural strength, ice drift speed, etc., has significantly increased, corresponding to the increasing activity of offshore operations in cold regions as well as the development of instrument technology for sea ice observation. This paper reviews existing probabilistic modes of sea ice, which are used to estimate the uncertainty of ice loading with various types of offshore structures, including vertical structures, sloping structures, and stations with floating vessels. The ISO 19906 standard is employed for the probabilistic assessment of vertical and sloping structures. The interactions between ice and structures on sloping structures are considered in both the upward and downward directions. The ice resistance method is applied for station-keeping floating vessels in ice. The key parameters of sea ice properties to estimate the design loads are studied. The effect of correlation between the key parameters of ice loads is investigated. This review shows that most existing probabilistic models are proposed for the estimation of ice loading on the various types of offshore structures.