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Design of Marine Structures against Ice Actions
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Design of Marine Structures against Ice Actions

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 July 2025 | Viewed by 10200

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mojtaba Mokhtari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Interests: ice mechanics; structural mechanics/dynamics; offshore renewable energy; material modelling; material degradation; multiphysics simulation; hydrogen and CO2 pipelines; FRP composites; structural health monitoring; FEM-based digital twins
Prof. Dr. Pentti Kujala

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
2. School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Interests: full-scale measurements of ice-induced loads and analysis of the ice load statistics; simulation of ship performance in ice; development of advanced structural solutions for ships; development of system-level safety of marine traffic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Bernt J. Leira

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Interests: arctic engineering; stochastic dynamics; structural reliability analysis; marine renewable energy; control engineering; system optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions are experiencing an unprecedented increase in human activity, including shipping, offshore renewable energy deployment, natural resource exploration, commercial fisheries, and tourism. This escalation in activity could amplify the likelihood of incidents specific to the harsh Arctic environment, particularly those linked to ice-induced loads. Consequently, there is an ever-increasing demand for the economical design of marine structures capable of safe operation in icy waters. This Special Issue is dedicated to the latest developments, innovative solutions, and discoveries that contribute to the design and operation of marine structures in ice-prone waters. The scope of the Special Issue encompasses a broad range of topics, including, but not limited to:

  • Design methods for marine/offshore structures subjected to ice-induced loads;
  • Structural reliability with ice load statistics;
  • Modelling and simulation of ice loads on structures;
  • Effect of climate change on ice conditions;
  • Ice mechanics;
  • Material modelling of ice;
  • User subroutines for the numerical simulation of ice impact loads (e.g., https://github.com/NTNU-IMT/Ice-Elastoplastic-Material-Model);
  • Laboratory and field mechanical testing of ice specimens;
  • Stochastic ice material models;
  • Stochastic ice load models;
  • Ice–structure interaction;
  • Ice–ship interaction;
  • Ice–water–structure interaction;
  • Iceberg dynamics;
  • Renewable energy in ice-infested waters;
  • Scenario-based risk management;
  • Risk assessment and mitigation strategies for ice-induced hazards;
  • Holistic risk–reward analysis for polar navigation;
  • Trans-Arctic navigation;
  • Artificial intelligence for design and operation in icy waters;
  • Health monitoring and digital twins for Arctic marine structures;
  • Structural mechanics and dynamics of marine/offshore structures subjected to ice loads.

Experimental, numerical, analytical, and review studies, as well as case studies, are welcome.

Dr. Mojtaba Mokhtari
Prof. Dr. Pentti Kujala
Prof. Dr. Bernt J. Leira
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ice–structure interaction
  • ice mechanics
  • ice load
  • structural reliability
  • risk-based design
  • polar navigation
  • limit state of arctic marine structures
  • stochastic models
  • climate change

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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32 pages, 23042 KiB  
Article
On Statistical Features of Ice Loads on Fixed and Floating Offshore Structures
by Chana Sinsabvarodom, Bernt J. Leira, Knut V. Høyland, Arvid Næss, Ilija Samardžija, Wei Chai, Siramas Komonjinda, Chatchawan Chaichana and Sheng Xu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(8), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081458 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1269
Abstract
Apart from the mechanisms of ice structure interactions under various scenarios of sea ice conditions and structural configurations, the selection of probabilistic models is crucial in order to cope with the loading uncertainty. Sea ice is the primary contributor to design loads in [...] Read more.
Apart from the mechanisms of ice structure interactions under various scenarios of sea ice conditions and structural configurations, the selection of probabilistic models is crucial in order to cope with the loading uncertainty. Sea ice is the primary contributor to design loads in cold regions. In many cases, ice loads present the highest magnitude. In recent years, the probabilistic study of ice thickness, ice strength coefficient, flexural strength, ice drift speed, etc., has significantly increased, corresponding to the increasing activity of offshore operations in cold regions as well as the development of instrument technology for sea ice observation. This paper reviews existing probabilistic modes of sea ice, which are used to estimate the uncertainty of ice loading with various types of offshore structures, including vertical structures, sloping structures, and stations with floating vessels. The ISO 19906 standard is employed for the probabilistic assessment of vertical and sloping structures. The interactions between ice and structures on sloping structures are considered in both the upward and downward directions. The ice resistance method is applied for station-keeping floating vessels in ice. The key parameters of sea ice properties to estimate the design loads are studied. The effect of correlation between the key parameters of ice loads is investigated. This review shows that most existing probabilistic models are proposed for the estimation of ice loading on the various types of offshore structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Marine Structures against Ice Actions)
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35 pages, 21115 KiB  
Article
A Framework for Structural Analysis of Icebreakers during Ramming of First-Year Ice Ridges
by Weidong Zhao, Bernt Johan Leira, Knut Vilhelm Høyland, Ekaterina Kim, Guoqing Feng and Huilong Ren
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040611 - 31 Mar 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1610
Abstract
This paper presents a framework for structural analysis of icebreakers during ramming of first-year ice ridges. The framework links the ice-ridge load and the structural analysis based on the physical characteristics of ship–ice-ridge interactions. A ship–ice-ridge interaction study was conducted to demonstrate the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a framework for structural analysis of icebreakers during ramming of first-year ice ridges. The framework links the ice-ridge load and the structural analysis based on the physical characteristics of ship–ice-ridge interactions. A ship–ice-ridge interaction study was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework. A PC-2 icebreaker was chosen for the ship–ice interaction study, and the geometrical and physical properties of the ice ridge were determined based on empirical data. The ice ridge was modeled by solid elements equipped with the continuous surface cap model (CSCM). To validate the approach, the simulated ice resistance was computed using the Lindqvist solution and in situ tests of R/V Xuelong 2. First, the local ice-induced pressure on the hull shell was determined based on numerical simulations. Subsequently, the local ice pressure was applied to local deformable sub-structural models of the PC-2 icebreaker hull by means of triangular impulse loads. Finally, the structural response of sub-structural models with refined meshes was computed. This case study demonstrates that the proposed framework is suitable for structural analysis of ice-induced stresses in local hull components. The results show that the ice load and the structural response obtained based on the four first-year ice-ridge models show obvious differences. Furthermore, the ice load and corresponding structural response increases with the width of the ridge and with increasing ship speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Marine Structures against Ice Actions)
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29 pages, 10575 KiB  
Article
A New Plastic Design Approach for the Vertical-Side-Plating Thickness of Ice-Strengthened Ships Suffering from Ice Floe Impacts
by Mengying Mu, Kailing Guo, Wei Cai, Ling Zhu, Zhenyu Pi and Shuo Zhou
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020233 - 28 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1337
Abstract
Ice-strengthened ships inevitably suffer from ice floe impacts during navigation in icy regions. Under some extreme-ice-impact loadings, the ship structure will experience plastic deformations. The magnitude of plastic deformation is highly correlated with the ice floe-impact energy level. During most ice impacts, only [...] Read more.
Ice-strengthened ships inevitably suffer from ice floe impacts during navigation in icy regions. Under some extreme-ice-impact loadings, the ship structure will experience plastic deformations. The magnitude of plastic deformation is highly correlated with the ice floe-impact energy level. During most ice impacts, only the ship’s plate undergoes minor plastic deformation. Considering that the structure still has a high structural strength with a minor permanent deformation, developing a structural plastic design method for polar ships has become a hot research issue in current studies. Therefore, in this paper, based on the rigid-plastic theory and the ice-crushing-energy approach, an experimentally verified theoretical model for predicting plastic deformations of the vertical-side plate of polar ship subjected to ice floe impacts was established. According to the analytical solutions of the plastic deformation, the plastic design formula to determine the plating thickness of ice-strengthened ships subjected to ice floe impacts was further derived based on the plastic design criteria. In addition, the parameter analysis of ice strength described by the ice pressure–area relationship, allowable-permanent-set parameter, impact energy and ice shape were conducted, and plating-thickness design curves with different design parameters were given. The design of plating thickness is very sensitive to the determinations of the allowable-permanent set and ice pressure–area curves. The designed plating thickness decreased with the increase of the allowable-permanent set. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the designed plating thickness for ice floe impact and rigid-mass impact was also carried out. Under the same impact conditions, due to energy absorption caused by ice damage, the designed thickness of the plate for rigid-mass impact was much larger than that for the ice impact. It is necessary to consider the impact-induced ice damage and energy dissipation in a structural design, instead of using rigid impact loads for conservative design. The research in this paper can provide some useful references for the structural design of ice-strengthened ships subject to ice floe impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Marine Structures against Ice Actions)
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16 pages, 10098 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Thermally Activated Sacrificial Micro Soft Layers for Reduced Surface–Ice Interface Strength
by Hao Tian, Tiantian Yi and Yongjun Gong
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101866 - 26 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1409
Abstract
The prompt removal of ice is crucial to the safe operation of maritime equipment. However, traditional deicing approaches such as steam jets or manual tools are costly in terms of energy consumption and human labor. If the ice interfacial strength can be reduced, [...] Read more.
The prompt removal of ice is crucial to the safe operation of maritime equipment. However, traditional deicing approaches such as steam jets or manual tools are costly in terms of energy consumption and human labor. If the ice interfacial strength can be reduced, the above problems can be much alleviated. Therefore, this paper introduces a new type of low-cost, thermally activated sacrificial soft layer that can change phase according to the user’s activation signal to reduce the surface–ice adhesion strength. The proposed gelatine soft layers, containing an environmentally friendly compound (CH3COOH or NaHCO3), are prepared in 50–70 mm2 films with a thickness between 0.5 mm and 0.8 mm at room temperature in around 1 h. Layers containing different chemical compounds are stacked vertically, which stay inert at room temperature or lower, but can be thermally activated to change from a solid to gas–liquid phase. The CO2 gas released from the chemical reaction is trapped between the surface–ice interface, greatly reducing the overall contact area, as well as the surface–ice adhesion strength. An experimental testbed was assembled in the lab, capable of measuring the interfacial ice adhesion strength according to the deflection of a polyurethane cantilever beam. The initial test results showed the promising properties of the layers, where no expansive equipment is required during the sample preparation, and the cost of raw materials to make a pair of soft layers is well below 0.1 USD/mm2. Under a −13 °C environment, the surface–ice adhesion strength of pure water ice was found to reduce by over 20%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Marine Structures against Ice Actions)
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22 pages, 30053 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Global Ice Loads of Maneuvering Captive Motion in Ice Floe Fields
by Shenyu Xuan, Chengsheng Zhan, Zuyuan Liu, Baiwei Feng, Haichao Chang and Xiao Wei
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091778 - 11 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1355
Abstract
During escort and convoy operations, icebreakers are often required to maneuver to open up channels or adjust routes due to the prevalence of ice floe conditions in Arctic routes. This study aimed to investigate the global ice load characteristics of the maneuvering captive [...] Read more.
During escort and convoy operations, icebreakers are often required to maneuver to open up channels or adjust routes due to the prevalence of ice floe conditions in Arctic routes. This study aimed to investigate the global ice load characteristics of the maneuvering captive motions, including constant turning motion, pure yaw motion, and pure sway motion, of the icebreaker Xue Long, using a combination of the discrete element method (DEM) and drag model. First, the method was verified using simulating Araon model tests from the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST). In addition, the maneuvering captive motions of the Xue Long model were simulated at varying turning radii, drift angles, and sway and yaw periods, which are typical but currently poorly studied maneuvering motions. Overall, the results of the study showed that the method is able to reproduce the coupling effect of the ship–ice–water system by considering ship–ice interaction and ice resistance, where the mean deviation and maximum deviation of ice resistance are 9.45% and 13.3%, respectively. The influences of the turning radius, drift angle, and sway and yaw period on the ice resistance and transverse force characteristics were studied and analyzed via ship–ice interactions. The present study provides a prediction tool for the assessment of ship maneuvering performance to assist the hull line development and model testing of icebreakers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Marine Structures against Ice Actions)
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Review

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21 pages, 10368 KiB  
Review
A Critical Review of Constitutive Models Applied to Ice-Crushing Simulations
by Mojtaba Mokhtari and Bernt Johan Leira
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(6), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12061021 - 19 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1645
Abstract
In marine engineering, understanding the compressive behaviour of ice is crucial for accurately modelling ice loads on ships and offshore structures in ice-prone waters. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have focused on numerically simulating the ice-crushing process using various material models. [...] Read more.
In marine engineering, understanding the compressive behaviour of ice is crucial for accurately modelling ice loads on ships and offshore structures in ice-prone waters. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have focused on numerically simulating the ice-crushing process using various material models. A significant source of contention among these models lies in the representation of ice strength envelopes and their evolution with pressure and strain rate. Moreover, there is ongoing debate regarding whether plasticity or viscoelasticity more effectively captures the rheology of ice. Additionally, various flow rules have been implemented in plasticity models and different damage models have been used in viscoelasticity models, all of which play a critical role in simulating ice loads. This critical review aims to shed light on the reasons behind these disagreements and to evaluate the advantages and limitations of the most commonly used models, based on established theories in ice mechanics and empirical evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Marine Structures against Ice Actions)
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