Identifying Locations for Early Adoption of Zero Emission Fuels for Shipping—The UK as a Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
- How can regional factors impact the viability of the early adoption of hydrogen and ammonia as marine fuels in the UK?
- The research gap relating to the development of regional indicators for the adoption of alternative fuels and/or technologies.
- The research gap relating to the understanding of hydrogen and ammonia adoption dynamics, particularly in the UK.
3. Methods
- Infrastructure—presence of hydrogen and ammonia bunkering infrastructure.
- Policies—presence of policies to support the adoption of hydrogen and ammonia.
- Actors/networks—presence of key actors and networks facilitating the adoption of hydrogen and ammonia.
- Local energy demand—existence of other energy demand sources for hydrogen/ammonia.
- Shipping niches—existence of shipping niches for the adoption of hydrogen and ammonia.
4. Results
4.1. Narrative Results—Case Studies and Interviews
4.1.1. Case Choice
4.1.2. Case 1—Orkney Isles
4.1.3. Case 2—Dover
4.1.4. Case 3—Solent-Isle of Wight
4.1.5. Case Comparison and Conclusions
4.2. Quantitative Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Meaning |
AIS | Automatic identification system |
CREDS | Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions |
DFDS | Det Forenede Dampskibs-Selskab |
EIR | Emissions Intensity Ratio |
EMEC | European Marine Energy Centre |
EU | European Union |
H2 | Hydrogen |
HFO | Heavy Fuel Oil |
HGV | Heavy Goods Vehicle |
HSSMI | High Speed Sustainable Manufacturing Institute |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
IMO | International Maritime Organisation |
km | kilometre |
kV | kilovolt |
LR | Lloyd’s Register |
MarSTF | Maritime Sustainability Transitions Framework |
MCA | Maritime and Coastguard Agency |
MDO | Marine Diesel Oil |
MLP | Multilevel Perspective |
MW | Megawatt |
NH3 | ammonia |
OHT | Orkney Hydrogen Trading |
OIC | Orkney Islands Council |
OREF | Orkney Renewable Energy Forum |
R&D | Research and Development |
RE | Renewable Energy |
ro-ro | Roll-on/roll-off |
SGN | Scotia Gas Networks |
SHFCA | Scottish Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association |
STS | Science and Technology Studies |
SOx | Sulphur Oxides |
t | tonne |
UK | United Kingdom |
Appendix A
Cluster | Combined Indicator Scoring—Cluster Level | 1. Infrastructure | 2. Policies | 3. Actors and Networks | 4. Local Energy Demand | 5. Shipping Niches |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 21 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
B | 11 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
C | 12 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
D | 14 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 1 |
E | 10 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
F | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
G | 11 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
H | 9 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
I | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
J | 13 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
K | 17 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
L | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
M | 12 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
N | 14 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
O | 19 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
P | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Cluster: | Port Ranking: | Name: |
---|---|---|
K | 1 | Felixstowe |
O | 2 | Itchen |
H | 3 | Immingham |
N | 4 | Thames |
J | 5 | Liverpool |
O | 6 | Southampton |
O | 7 | Eling |
NONE | 8 | Hound Point Terminal |
O | 9 | Fawley |
C-D | 10 | Aberdeen |
N | 11 | Dover |
F | 12 | Belfast |
L | 13 | Steynton |
H | 14 | Hull |
N | 15 | Tilbury |
O | 16 | Portsmouth |
G | 17 | Teesport |
G | 18 | Tees |
P | 19 | Flushing |
M | 20 | Portbury |
NONE | 21 | Portland Uk |
N | 22 | Purfleet |
NONE | 23 | Grangemouth |
C | 24 | Peterhead |
O | 25 | Marchwood |
G | 26 | White Hill Point |
H | 27 | Withernsea |
K | 28 | North Cove |
I | 29 | Holyhead |
J | 30 | Tranmere |
K | 31 | Harwich |
A | 32 | Scapa Bay |
N | 33 | Broadstairs |
L | 34 | Milford Haven |
P | 35 | Plymouth |
N | 36 | Sheerness |
E | 37 | Claonaig |
E | 38 | Greenock |
K | 39 | Great Yarmouth |
NONE | 40 | Buchan |
P | 41 | Porthoustock |
NONE | 42 | Etrick Field |
J | 43 | Eastham |
J | 44 | Heysham |
B | 45 | Lerwick |
H | 46 | Grimsby |
L-M | 47 | Port Talbot |
F | 48 | Cairnryan |
B | 49 | Maryfield, Bressay |
G | 50 | Howdon |
A | 51 | Hatston |
D | 52 | Catterline |
C | 53 | Fraserburgh |
A | 54 | Scrabster |
F | 55 | Larne |
I | 56 | Loch Ryan Pt |
K | 57 | Orford |
NONE | 58 | Warrenpoint |
B | 59 | Bruray Out Skerries |
E | 60 | Oban |
K | 61 | Lowestoft |
NONE | 62 | Barrow-In-Furness |
D | 63 | Montrose |
C | 64 | Rosehearty |
M | 65 | Avonmouth |
I | 66 | Dulas Bay |
Indicator Group: | Indicator Sub-Group: | Definition of Sub-Group: | Scoring Algorithm for Each Sub-Group Indicator | Scoring Algorithm at Cluster Level (Cumulative Score for Indicator Group) |
---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Presence of grey/brown hydrogen/ammonia storage facilities within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts hydrogen/ammonia separately | 0 = none 1 = ≥1 in 1 sub-group 2 = ≥1 in 2 sub-groups 3 = ≥1 in 3 sub-groups 4 = 1 in 4 sub-groups 5 = 1 in 3 sub-groups, 2 in 1 sub-group 6 = 2 in 2 sub-groups, ≥1 in 2 sub-groups |
B | Presence of grey/brown hydrogen/ammonia plants within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts hydrogen/ammonia separately | ||
C | Presence of green/blue hydrogen/ammonia plants in operation, or development within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts hydrogen/ ammonia separately | ||
D | Presence of renewable energy endowments which can be used for small scale green hydrogen/ammonia production within 50 km radius—large wind power plants or tidal (over 100 MW of capacity in intermittent sources within 50 km radius) | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to 2 types of renewable energy endowments | ||
| A | Local government policies with commitment to decarbonisation | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two types of policies | 0 = none 1 = ≥1 in 1 sub-group 2 = ≥1 in 2 sub-groups 3 = ≥1 in 3 sub-groups 4 = 1 in 2 sub-groups, 2 in 1 sub-group 5 = 2 in 2 sub-groups, 1 in 1 sub-group 6 = 2 in 3 sub-groups |
B | National/devolved government policies which can uniquely favour decarbonisation in a local area | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two types of policies | ||
C | Any policies which make a local area particularly favourable for hydrogen/ammonia adoption | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two types of policies | ||
| A | Presence of public actors with strong commitment to decarbonisation (non-shipping): policy, government, local government—within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two actors | 0 = none 1 = ≥1 in 1 sub-group 2 = ≥1 in 2 sub-groups 3 = ≥1 in 3 sub-groups 4 = 1 in 4 sub-groups 5 = 1 in 5 sub-groups or 1 in 4 sub-groups, 2 in 1 sub-group 6 = ≥1 in 2 sub-groups, and 2 in 2 sub-groups; or ≥1 in 4 sub-groups, and 2 in 1 sub-groups; or ≥1 in 6 sub-groups |
B | Presence of shipping actors linked to decarbonisation: ship-owners, ship charterers, bunkering suppliers, port authority, shipbuilders—within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two actors | ||
C | Presence of R&D actors linked to decarbonisation: engine manufacturers, research institutes, etc.—within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two actors | ||
D | Presence of existing hydrogen/ammonia actors—within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two actors | ||
E | Local shipping actors and key non-shipping actors (e.g., local government, energy, transport) involved in formal networks linked to decarbonisation—within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two actors | ||
F | Formal decarbonisation networks around hydrogen/ammonia—within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two networks | ||
| A | Local demand—district heating, industry, fertilisers, large local town (i.e., public transport potential—town/city over 100,000) which can be used for any type of hydrogen/ammonia—within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two types of demand | 0 = none 1 = ≥1 in 1 sub-group 2 = ≥1 in 2 sub-groups 3 = ≥1 in 3 sub-groups 4 = 1 in 4 sub-groups 5 = ≥1 in 4 sub-groups and 2 in sub-groups A or B; or ≥1 in 5 sub-groups 6 = ≥1 in 4 sub-groups and 2 in sub-groups A and B; or ≥1 in 5 sub-groups and 2 in sub-groups A or B; or ≥1 in 6 sub-groups |
B | Local demand for low-carbon hydrogen ammonia in particular—within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1/2 *) * counts up to two types of demand | ||
C | No gas grid in area | YES/NO (0/1) | ||
D | Regular ferry connection within 50 km radius | YES/NO (0/1) | ||
E | Electric grid connection of at least electricity transmission system within 5 km which has 132 kV current | YES/NO (0/1) | ||
F | Population density— VERY HIGH (above 7 deciles, safety considerations amplified, score 0), VERY LOW (below 3 deciles, limited demand, score 0) MIDDLE density (between 3 and 7 deciles, optimal, score 1) | YES/NO (0/1) | ||
| A | Local ro-ro/ferry traffic accounting for over 20,000 t HFO+MDO sales annually (It should be noted that indicator 4D is aimed at understanding the relevance of the presence of a possible niche for the early adoption of hydrogen and ammonia through use on a possible pilot project, whereas indicator 5A aims to address the possibility of longer-term demand growth in areas where there could be scalable energy demand for the usage of hydrogen and ammonia.) | YES/NO (0/1) | 0 = none 1 = ≥1 in 1 sub-group 2 = ≥1 in 2 sub-groups 3 = ≥1 in 3 sub-groups 4 = ≥1 in 4 sub-groups 5 = ≥1 in 5 sub-groups 6 = ≥1 in 6 sub-groups |
B | Local chemical tanker accounting for over 20,000 t HFO+MDO sales annually | YES/NO (0/1) | ||
C | At least 20,000 t HFO+MDO sales where ships go to from same port as end port in UK | YES/NO (0/1) | ||
D | Local cruise demand of at least 20,000 t HFO+MDO amount | YES/NO (0/1) | ||
E | At least 20,000 t HFO+MDO sales from fishing | YES/NO (0/1) | ||
F | Existing or previous hydrogen/ammonia vessel project (within 50 km radius) | YES/NO (0/1) |
Interviewee | Description | Interviewee Relevance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | National | ||
Interviewee 1 | Senior port safety official | NO | YES | NO | YES |
Interviewee 2 | Senior hydrogen representative | YES | NO | NO | YES |
Interviewee 3 | Senior transport official | NO | NO | YES | NO |
Interviewee 4 | Senior hydrogen technical official | YES | NO | YES | YES |
Interviewee 5 | Senior hydrogen representative | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Interviewee 6 | Senior port decarbonisation official | NO | YES | NO | YES |
Interviewee 7 | Senior maritime decarbonisation official | YES | NO | NO | YES |
Interviewee 8 | Senior shipowner representative | NO | YES | NO | NO |
Interviewee 9 | Senior hydrogen policy official | YES | NO | NO | YES |
Interviewee 10 | Senior shipowner representative | NO | NO | YES | NO |
Interviewee 11 | Senior maritime civil service official | YES | YES | YES | YES |
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Socio-Technical System Levels | Studied Heuristics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Protective Spaces [20] | MLP [41] | Eco-Innovation [14] | MarSTF (Application) [23] | |
Landscape | Socio-economic trends Macro-economic trends Macro-political developments Deep cultural patterns | National sustainability characteristics | Structural changes/perceptions | |
Regime | Industry structure Technologies/infrastructure Knowledge base User relations Public policies Cultural significance | Changing: laws/regulations/norms technologies networks | Infrastructure (e.g., water/transport/supply) | Technology/supply Finance Policy Demand (for fuels) Civil society (e.g., actors/networks) |
Eco-efficiency (e.g., energy/material use) | ||||
Niche | Shielding Nurturing Empowering | Learning processes Powerful actors Innovation use Market/geographic niches | Niches (e.g., transport, energy supply, energy efficiency) |
Case 1 (Orkney) | Case 2 (Dover) | Case 3 (Solent-Isle of Wight) | |
---|---|---|---|
| MEDIUM | LOW | MEDIUM |
| HIGH | LOW | HIGH |
| HIGH | MEDIUM | HIGH |
| HIGH | MEDIUM | MEDIUM |
| MEDIUM | MEDIUM | MEDIUM |
Case 1—Orkney | Case 2—Dover | Case 3—Solent-Isle of Wight | |
---|---|---|---|
1. Infrastructure | Energy endowments:
| Energy endowments:
| Energy endowments:
|
2. Policies | Local:
| Local:
| Local:
|
3. Actors/ networks | Networks:
| Networks:
| Networks:
|
4. Energy demand/local characteristics |
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5. Shipping niches and other |
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Initial Area | Key Interviewee Insights | Effect on Indicators |
---|---|---|
1 Infrastructure |
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2 Policies |
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3 Actors/networks |
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4 Local energy/ demand characteristics |
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5 Shipping niches/other |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Baresic, D.; Rehmatulla, N.; Smith, T. Identifying Locations for Early Adoption of Zero Emission Fuels for Shipping—The UK as a Case Study. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091517
Baresic D, Rehmatulla N, Smith T. Identifying Locations for Early Adoption of Zero Emission Fuels for Shipping—The UK as a Case Study. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(9):1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091517
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaresic, Domagoj, Nishatabbas Rehmatulla, and Tristan Smith. 2024. "Identifying Locations for Early Adoption of Zero Emission Fuels for Shipping—The UK as a Case Study" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 9: 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091517