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Volume 13
Issue 10
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J. Mar. Sci. Eng., Volume 13, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 189 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study develops a systematic vessel arrival priority determination system, overcoming limitations of First-Come-First-Served approaches. Using Delphi surveys and Fuzzy AHP for 50 Busan Port VTS operators, an integrated dynamic scoring model is created: basic scores for vessel characteristics (54.82%), risk scores for safety intervals (29.71%), and special situation scores for emergencies (15.47%). Validation across eight scenarios demonstrated strong expert agreement with average performance metrics of 0.833 (Spearman’s ρ), 0.771 (Kendall’s τ), and 0.991 (nDCG). This research bridges implicit expert judgment and explicit algorithmic systems, providing VTS operators an objective, safety-focused tool for efficient maritime traffic management. View this paper
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17 pages, 3348 KB  
Article
Multiscale Numerical Modeling of Wave Overtopping for Pedestrian Hazard Classification and Risk Assessment
by Jong Yoon Mun, Wan Hee Cho and Khawar Rehman
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102022 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 96
Abstract
The risk of wave overtopping is amplifying under sea-level rise and increased frequency of extreme coastal events. Conventional empirical and physical methods for estimating overtopping characteristics are limited by site-specific assumptions, which underscores the need for robust and efficient approaches. This study develops [...] Read more.
The risk of wave overtopping is amplifying under sea-level rise and increased frequency of extreme coastal events. Conventional empirical and physical methods for estimating overtopping characteristics are limited by site-specific assumptions, which underscores the need for robust and efficient approaches. This study develops a multiscale numerical modeling framework that couples the regional ADCIRC–UnSWAN (Advanced CIRCulation and Unstructured Simulating WAves Near-shore) model with DualSPHysics (SPH) model to simulate overtopping responses under varying sea states. ADCIRC-UnSWAN provides regional-scale hydrodynamic and wave forcing, which is nested into localized SPH model to resolve wave-structure interactions. The proposed framework accurately reproduces overtopping responses including water thickness and velocity while leveraging GPU acceleration for computational efficiency. The model outputs are further analyzed to classify overtopping hazard levels and perform probabilistic pedestrian risk as sessments that account for uncertainties in wave characteristics and human vulnerability. The results supports the development of early warning systems and provide a foundation for dynamic hazard level updates in real or near-real time, contributing to improved coastal risk governance under uncertainties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Study of Coastal Processes and Wave Hydrodynamics across Multiple Scales)
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18 pages, 2268 KB  
Article
Uncertainty in the Assessment of Wave Overtopping in Mediterranean Moroccan Ports Associated with Climate Change
by Raghda Jebbad, Joan Pau Sierra, Xavier Gironella, Cesar Mösso, Daniel González-Marco and Piero Lionello
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102021 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 50
Abstract
This study examines the impact of climate change on wave overtopping discharge (q) at eight Moroccan Mediterranean ports, under climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, projected to the year 2100. To address inter-model variability and better represent future conditions, wave data from [...] Read more.
This study examines the impact of climate change on wave overtopping discharge (q) at eight Moroccan Mediterranean ports, under climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, projected to the year 2100. To address inter-model variability and better represent future conditions, wave data from four different models were used. The analysis considers three return periods—1, 5, and 25 years—and includes both central estimates and values from the 90% confidence intervals to assess uncertainty from sea level rise (SLR) and wave projections. Results show that overtopping discharges increase with return period, along with the number of ports affected. At 1 year, two ports exceed tolerable thresholds; at 5 years, three ports are impacted; and at 25 years, nearly all ports face overtopping risks. When varying SLR while holding wave height (Hs) constant, discharge variations remain within one order of magnitude. However, when varying Hs with constant SLR, variations span two to three orders of magnitude. These results suggest that accurate Hs projections are more critical than SLR in estimating overtopping risk, emphasizing the need to reduce wave forecast uncertainty to support climate adaptation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)
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13 pages, 10023 KB  
Article
Assessing Light Pollution Exposure for the Most Important Sea Turtle Nesting Area in the Mediterranean Region
by Nikolaos Simantiris, Martha Z. Vardaki, Charalampos Dimitriadis, Onteta Netzipi and George Malaperdas
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2020; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102020 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 72
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is impacting sea turtle nesting around the globe by decreasing the nesting attempts, disorienting the sea turtle hatchlings while trying to find the sea, and disrupting hatchlings’ offshore migration. In the Mediterranean Sea, the shoreline of Kyparissia Bay [...] Read more.
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is impacting sea turtle nesting around the globe by decreasing the nesting attempts, disorienting the sea turtle hatchlings while trying to find the sea, and disrupting hatchlings’ offshore migration. In the Mediterranean Sea, the shoreline of Kyparissia Bay is considered the most important nesting site for loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), with several thousand nests on an annual basis. The current study reports for the first time the exposure of the core 10 km of nesting area to ALAN pollution, evaluates the potential impact on sea turtle conservation, and discusses mitigation measures as coastal urbanization and touristic activity increase rapidly in the region. Our findings demonstrate that most of the core area was not impacted by ALAN pollution, although a specific region (Kalo Nero) was subjected to high illumination at night, leading to reduced sea turtle nests and potential threats to hatchlings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Ecology)
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18 pages, 3158 KB  
Article
From Kelvin Wave Patterns to Ship Displacement: An Inverse Prediction Framework Based on a Hull Form Database
by Chao Ma, Linwei Wang, Yingjiang Zhao, Haolin Yang, Haoqing Huang and Bohan Cao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2019; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102019 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 72
Abstract
The estimation of a ship’s displacement volume, ∇, from remote sensing data is of considerable practical value for maritime surveillance and vessel characterization. This paper introduces a practical framework for the inverse estimation of displacement volume from Kelvin ship waves, building upon a [...] Read more.
The estimation of a ship’s displacement volume, ∇, from remote sensing data is of considerable practical value for maritime surveillance and vessel characterization. This paper introduces a practical framework for the inverse estimation of displacement volume from Kelvin ship waves, building upon a prior study through two key extensions. First, the wave amplitude function is recovered using Fourier series expansions combined with the stationary phase method. The displacement volume is then estimated via a two-step procedure: an initial estimate is obtained by identifying a hull with similar amplitude characteristics from a database, followed by a refinement that incorporates discrepancies between the target and candidate wave amplitude functions. In the case studied, the proposed approach achieves a prediction error of 4.02%, demonstrating its potential for non-invasive extraction of hull information from remote sensing data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Marine Hydrodynamics and Structural Optimization)
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24 pages, 7854 KB  
Article
Parameter Optimization Design of MPC Controller in AUV Motion Control Based on Improved Black-Winged Kite Algorithm
by Jiawei Wang, Yi Zhang, Siying Ren and Hongbo Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102018 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 76
Abstract
This study proposes an improved Black-winged Kite Algorithm (IBKA) for the parameter optimization of the Model Predictive Control (MPC) controller in Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). To tackle the optimization challenges associated with the weight matrices and prediction horizon in the MPC controller, IBKA [...] Read more.
This study proposes an improved Black-winged Kite Algorithm (IBKA) for the parameter optimization of the Model Predictive Control (MPC) controller in Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). To tackle the optimization challenges associated with the weight matrices and prediction horizon in the MPC controller, IBKA innovatively integrates the Lens Opposition-Based Learning (LOBL) strategy with the BKA. Specifically, after the migration behavior of BKA, the LOBL strategy is introduced to generate new individuals, and on this basis, the optimal individual is retained as the leader of the black-winged kite. In the experimental scenarios of AUV heading control and depth tracking, the optimization effect of the IBKA-MPC controller is evaluated. The results indicate that, in the heading control experiment, for the MPC controller optimized by IBKA, the Integral of Absolute Error (IAE) and Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) of the heading angle decreased by a maximum of 6.29% and 18.24%, respectively, compared with the MPC controller under non-optimized parameters. In the depth tracking experiment, for the MPC controller optimized by IBKA, the IAE and ITAE of the depth decreased by 91.86% and 94.78%, respectively, compared with the MPC controller under non-optimized parameters. Meanwhile, through comparative experiments with four classical optimization algorithms, it is verified that the IBKA with the LOBL strategy introduced has a better optimization effect on the parameters of the MPC controller than classical optimization algorithms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Maneuvering and Control of Ships—2nd Edition)
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25 pages, 5292 KB  
Article
Deep Learning-Based Non-Parametric System Identification and Interpretability Analysis for Improving Ship Motion Prediction
by Shaojie Guo, Siqing Zhuang, Junyi Wang, Xi Peng and Yihua Liu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102017 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
The proposed hybrid model integrates a convolutional neural network, bidirectional long short-term memory network, and attention mechanism. This model is applied to the nonparametric system identification of ship motion, incorporating wind factors. The model processes input data with different historical dimensions after preprocessing, [...] Read more.
The proposed hybrid model integrates a convolutional neural network, bidirectional long short-term memory network, and attention mechanism. This model is applied to the nonparametric system identification of ship motion, incorporating wind factors. The model processes input data with different historical dimensions after preprocessing, extracts local features using a CNN layer, captures bidirectional temporal dependencies via a BiLSTM layer to provide comprehensive bidirectional information, and finally introduces a multi-head attention mechanism to enhance the model’s expressive and learning capabilities. However, the use of deep neural networks introduces difficulties in explaining internal mechanisms. The coupled CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model with SHapley Additive exPlanations was adopted for the prediction of ship motion processes and the identification of key input feature factors. The effectiveness of the proposed model was validated through experiments using a ship free-running motion dataset with wind interference. The findings indicate that, in comparison to conventional single-architecture models and composite architecture models, the proposed model attains smaller prediction errors and demonstrates augmented generalizability and robustness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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23 pages, 4689 KB  
Review
Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation: A Critical Review and Future Directions
by Jiaojie Xie, Hao Wang, Xin Cai, Hongjian Zhang, Lei Ren, Maowen Cai and Zhiqiang Xin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2016; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102016 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 82
Abstract
Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are being developed with larger capacities for deeper waters, facing complex environmental loads that challenge structural safety. In contrast to onshore turbines, OWT foundations must withstand combined hydrodynamic forces (waves and currents), leading to substantially higher construction costs. For [...] Read more.
Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are being developed with larger capacities for deeper waters, facing complex environmental loads that challenge structural safety. In contrast to onshore turbines, OWT foundations must withstand combined hydrodynamic forces (waves and currents), leading to substantially higher construction costs. For floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), additional considerations include radiation hydrodynamic loads and additional hydrodynamic damping effects caused by platform motion. Dynamic analysis of these foundations remains a critical bottleneck, presenting new challenges for offshore wind power advancement. This article first introduces the main structural types of OWT foundations, with case studies predominantly from China. The remaining part of the article proceeds as follows: dynamics of fixed OWT foundations, dynamics of FOWT foundations, and conclusions. Next, it covers several important topics related to fixed offshore wind turbines, including pile–soil interaction, wave loads, and seismic analysis. It then discusses support platform motion analysis, hydroelastic analysis, and mooring system characteristics of floating offshore wind turbines. Finally, it presents some insights to improve design and optimization methods for enhancing the safety and reliability of offshore wind turbines. This research clarifies OWT foundation dynamics, helping researchers address challenges and optimize designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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17 pages, 1697 KB  
Article
Automatic Identification of Static Harbor Objects Based on Camera Images from a Highly Autonomous Dredger Ship
by Timo Siering, Matthias Steidel and Christian Steger
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2015; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102015 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 123
Abstract
Possible collisions with port infrastructure are a big challenge in the automation of commercial shipping. The first step to avoiding these collisions is identifying static port infrastructure. To minimize the risk of collisions of automated vessels with port infrastructure, this study aims to [...] Read more.
Possible collisions with port infrastructure are a big challenge in the automation of commercial shipping. The first step to avoiding these collisions is identifying static port infrastructure. To minimize the risk of collisions of automated vessels with port infrastructure, this study aims to develop a model for automatically detecting static harbor objects (quay walls and piles) in port areas using a YOLOv5-based deep learning architecture. The existing architecture is adapted by generating a port-specific image dataset using image obfuscation techniques that simulate real-world operational scenarios, additionally improving robustness. To determine optimal hyperparameters, such as image resolution, batch size, or selection of optimization algorithm, multiple experiments were conducted and evaluated. As the proposed system is used in a time critical environment, the evaluation is performed on the basis of model performance as well as inference time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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31 pages, 8824 KB  
Article
A CFD-Based Surrogate for Pump–Jet AUV Maneuvering
by Younhee Kwon, Dong-Hwan Kim, Jeonghwa Seo and Hyun Chung
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2014; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102014 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 152
Abstract
Prediction of the maneuvering performance of autonomous underwater vehicles equipped with pump–jet propulsion remains computationally intensive when relying solely on high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics. To overcome this limitation, a surrogate maneuvering model is developed to achieve comparable accuracy with drastically reduced computational cost. [...] Read more.
Prediction of the maneuvering performance of autonomous underwater vehicles equipped with pump–jet propulsion remains computationally intensive when relying solely on high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics. To overcome this limitation, a surrogate maneuvering model is developed to achieve comparable accuracy with drastically reduced computational cost. The model is constructed from numerical results obtained using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the k–ω shear stress transport turbulence model, and formulated through a Taylor-expansion-based framework. The propulsion and rudder modules are refined to enhance physical representation and efficiency: a conventional open-water-based formulation is adopted to embed the pump–jet propulsive model, incorporating axial flow velocities near the duct inlet for improved thrust prediction; meanwhile, the rudder force model minimizes the number of captive simulations by employing a kinematic approach that compensates for limited datasets. The surrogate model is applied to free-running simulations and validated against high-fidelity computational results. The findings confirm that the proposed framework reproduces the dominant trends of kinematic responses, forces, and moments with high consistency, providing a practical and time-efficient alternative for maneuvering prediction of underwater vehicles equipped with pump–jet propulsion systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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29 pages, 13984 KB  
Article
Heterogeneous Coupled Control of Ventilated Supercavitating Vehicles
by Jiayi Han, Bin Liu, Jiangtao Xu, Yu Fu, Xufeng Huang and Tianyi Zhao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102013 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 121
Abstract
This study addresses the control challenge of ventilated supercavitating vehicles during depth-change maneuvers, where variations in speed and depth induce unsteady cavity evolution and nonlinear planing forces. An unsteady cavity evolution model based on the independent cross-sectional expansion principle was developed and integrated [...] Read more.
This study addresses the control challenge of ventilated supercavitating vehicles during depth-change maneuvers, where variations in speed and depth induce unsteady cavity evolution and nonlinear planing forces. An unsteady cavity evolution model based on the independent cross-sectional expansion principle was developed and integrated with vehicle dynamics to form a heterogeneous coupled motion framework. A DQN-based controller was designed to maintain cavity length under unsteady conditions, while an ADRC-based pitch controller achieved decoupled attitude control, with depth tracking realized through cascaded outer-loop feedback. Numerical simulations were performed on the established heterogeneous coupled motion model under depth-change maneuvers. The results show that the proposed approach maintains the cavity length within ±10% of the commanded value and achieves rapid and stable depth tracking. The proposed modeling and control framework offers an effective approach to enhance the maneuverability and robustness of ventilated supercavitating vehicles in complex hydrodynamic environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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23 pages, 2792 KB  
Article
Improved Long Short-Term Memory-Based Fixed-Time Fault-Tolerant Control for Unmanned Marine Vehicles with Signal Quantization
by Xin Yang, Li-Ying Hao, Jia-Bin Wang, Gege Dong and Tieshan Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2012; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102012 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 104
Abstract
This paper presents a fixed-time fault-tolerant control strategy based on an improved long short-term memory network for dynamic positioning of unmanned marine vehicles subject to signal quantization, disturbances, and input saturation. Firstly, an improved long short-term memory network optimized by an adaptive mixed-gradient [...] Read more.
This paper presents a fixed-time fault-tolerant control strategy based on an improved long short-term memory network for dynamic positioning of unmanned marine vehicles subject to signal quantization, disturbances, and input saturation. Firstly, an improved long short-term memory network optimized by an adaptive mixed-gradient algorithm is developed to accurately estimate external disturbances. Secondly, a fixed-time extended state observer is designed to rapidly predict thruster faults. Subsequently, within a fixed-time control framework, a novel terminal sliding-mode surface incorporating signal quantization parameters is constructed. In addition, a dynamic uniform quantization strategy with tunable sensitivity is introduced to effectively alleviate the performance degradation induced by quantization errors. Based on this, a fixed-time fault-tolerant controller is constructed. Finally, simulation results and comparative experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue System Optimization and Control of Unmanned Marine Vehicles)
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34 pages, 5792 KB  
Article
Recent Developments in Cross-Shore Coastal Profile Modeling
by L. C. van Rijn, K. Dumont and B. Malherbe
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2011; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102011 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 94
Abstract
Coastal profile models are frequently used for the computation of storm-induced erosion at (nourished) beaches. Attention is focused on new developments and new validation exercises for the detailed process-based CROSMOR-model for the computation of storm-induced morphological changes in sand and gravel coasts. The [...] Read more.
Coastal profile models are frequently used for the computation of storm-induced erosion at (nourished) beaches. Attention is focused on new developments and new validation exercises for the detailed process-based CROSMOR-model for the computation of storm-induced morphological changes in sand and gravel coasts. The following new model improvements are studied: (1) improved runup equations based on the available field data; (2) the inclusion of the uniformity coefficient (Cu = d60/d10) of the bed material affecting the settling velocity of the suspended sediment and thus the suspended sediment transport; (3) the inclusion of hard bottom layers, so that the effect of a submerged breakwater on the beach–dune morphology can be assessed; and (4) the determination of adequate model settings for the accretive and erosive conditions of coarse gravel–shingle types of coasts (sediment range of 2 to 40 mm). The improved model has been extensively validated for sand and gravel coasts using the available field data sets. Furthermore, a series of sensitivity computations have been made to study the numerical parameters (time step, grid size and bed-smoothing) and key physical parameters (sediment size, wave height, wave incidence angle, wave asymmetry and wave-induced undertow), conditions affecting the beach morphodynamic processes. Finally, the model has been used to study various alternative methods of reducing beach erosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Learning from Geomorphological Adaptation of Coasts at Different Time Scales (2nd Edition))
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20 pages, 2512 KB  
Article
Operational Strategies for CII Under Short Voyages: Hybrid Denominator Correction and CPP Mode Optimization
by Ji-Woong Lee, Quang Dao Vuong and Jae-Ung Lee
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2010; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102010 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 155
Abstract
This study addresses structural distortions in the IMO Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) for short-voyage training vessels and proposes corrective strategies combining denominator adjustments with controllable pitch propeller (CPP) mode optimization. Using 2024 operational data from a training ship, we computed monthly [...] Read more.
This study addresses structural distortions in the IMO Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) for short-voyage training vessels and proposes corrective strategies combining denominator adjustments with controllable pitch propeller (CPP) mode optimization. Using 2024 operational data from a training ship, we computed monthly and annual CII values, identifying significant inflation when time-at-sea fractions are low due to extensive port stays. Two correction methods were evaluated: a hybrid denominator approach converting port-stay CO2 to equivalent distance, and a Braidotti functional correction. The CPP operating maps for combination and fixed modes revealed a crossover point at approximately 12 kn (~50% engine load), where the combination mode shows superior efficiency at low speeds and the fixed mode at higher speeds. The hybrid correction effectively stabilized CII values across varying operational conditions, while the speed-band CPP optimization provided additional reductions. Results demonstrate that combining optimized CPP mode selection with hybrid CII correction achieves compliance with required standards, attaining a B rating. The integrated framework offers practical solutions for CII management in short-voyage operations, addressing regulatory fairness while improving operational efficiency for training vessels and similar ship types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Maritime Transportation in the Blue Economy and Green Shipping Technology)
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24 pages, 38943 KB  
Article
Maximum Wave Height Prediction Based on Buoy Data: Application of LightGBM and TCN-BiGRU
by Baisong Yang, Lihao Deng, Nan Xu, Yaxuan Lv and Yani Cui
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102009 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 192
Abstract
Extreme sea conditions caused by tropical cyclones pose significant risks to coastal safety, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Although existing models have advanced in predicting Significant Wave Height (SWH), their performance in predicting Maximum Wave Height (MWH) remains limited, particularly in capturing rapid wave fluctuations [...] Read more.
Extreme sea conditions caused by tropical cyclones pose significant risks to coastal safety, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Although existing models have advanced in predicting Significant Wave Height (SWH), their performance in predicting Maximum Wave Height (MWH) remains limited, particularly in capturing rapid wave fluctuations and localized meteorological dynamics. This study proposes a novel MWH prediction framework that integrates high-resolution buoy observations with deep learning. A moored buoy deployed in the Qiongzhou Strait provides precise nearshore observations, compensating for limitations in reanalysis datasets. Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) is employed for key feature selection, and a hybrid Bidirectional Temporal Convolutional Network-Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiTCN-BiGRU) model is constructed to capture both short- and long-term temporal dependencies. The results show that BiTCN-BiGRU outperforms BiGRU, reducing MAE by 6.11%, 5.41%, and 14.09% for 1-h, 3-h, and 6-h forecasts. This study also introduces the Time Distortion Index (TDI) into MWH prediction as a novel metric for evaluating temporal alignment. This study offers valuable insights for disaster warning, coastal protection, and risk mitigation under extreme marine conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)
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28 pages, 469 KB  
Article
Scenario-Based Sensor Selection for Autonomous Maritime Systems: A Multi-Criteria Analysis of Sensor Configurations for Situational Awareness
by Florian Hoehner, Vincent Langenohl, Ould el Moctar and Thomas E. Schellin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102008 - 19 Oct 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
Effective operation of autonomous maritime systems requires sensor architectures tailored to mission-specific requirements, as key performance criteria like accuracy and energy consumption vary significantly by operational context. Against this background, this study develops a dual-stage, multi-criteria procedure to evaluate and assess individual sensors [...] Read more.
Effective operation of autonomous maritime systems requires sensor architectures tailored to mission-specific requirements, as key performance criteria like accuracy and energy consumption vary significantly by operational context. Against this background, this study develops a dual-stage, multi-criteria procedure to evaluate and assess individual sensors accounting for scenario-based requirements, using the TOPSIS algorithm as its core method. The first stage individually assesses sensors against scenario-specific requirements to generate context-aware weighting factors (αis). In the second stage, these factors are used to evaluate the overall performance of seven predefined sensor suites across five distinct operational scenarios (e.g., ‘Coastal Surveillance’ or ‘Protection of Critical Infrastructure’). The procedure is complemented by an architectural robustness assessment that systematically captures the impact of component failures. This flexible approach serves as a generic decision framework for designing unmanned maritime systems across different mission profiles. By integrating key performance metrics and failure scenarios within a context of prioritized operational requirements, the dual-stage multi-criteria procedure enables more than just selecting an optimal configuration. It reveals the fundamental architectural design principles. Our results demonstrate that for precision-focused tasks such as ‘Coastal Surveillance’, specialized sensor suites combining electro-optical and laser rangefinder achieves the highest performance score (0.84). Conversely, for scenarios with balanced requirements like ‘Protection of Critical Infrastructure’, architectures based on functional complementarity (e.g., electro-optical and Radar, score (0.64)) prove most effective. A key finding is that maximizing sensor quantity does not guarantee optimal performance, as targeted, mission-specific configurations often outperform fully integrated systems. The significance of this study lies in providing a systematic framework that shifts the design paradigm from a ‘more is better’ approach to an intelligent, context-aware composition, enabling the development of truly robust and efficient sensor architectures for autonomous maritime systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Marine Data Analysis)
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24 pages, 13648 KB  
Article
Research on Lightweight Design Performance of Offshore Structures Based on 3D Printing Technology
by Haoyu Jiang, Yifan Xie, Shengqing Zeng, Sixing Guo, Zehan Chen, Zhenjie Liang and Dapeng Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102007 - 19 Oct 2025
Viewed by 140
Abstract
Traditional manufacturing methods struggle to incorporate complex internal configurations within structures, thus restricting the potential for enhancing the strength of offshore structures through internal design. However, the advent of 3D printing technology presents innovative solutions to this challenge. Previous research has investigated the [...] Read more.
Traditional manufacturing methods struggle to incorporate complex internal configurations within structures, thus restricting the potential for enhancing the strength of offshore structures through internal design. However, the advent of 3D printing technology presents innovative solutions to this challenge. Previous research has investigated the use of 3D printing to integrate lattice-like structures within conventional frameworks to achieve lightweight designs. Building upon this foundation, this paper models an embedded structure and other marine structures subjected to similar loads using simplified models and conducts a thorough investigation into their mechanical properties. Specifically, it examines the effects of the 3D-printed infill structure, infill rate, and tilt angle of printed specimens on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed components. The goal is to identify the optimal parameter combinations that ensure structural strength while also achieving a lightweight design and a secondary lightweight design for the embedded structure. This paper concludes, from tensile, torsional, and compressive experiments, that honeycomb infill structures, with specimens printed at an inclination angle of 0°, exhibit superior performance across all properties. Additionally, the bonding between the layers of the printed parts is identified as a key factor influencing the tensile and torsional properties. While increasing the infill rate can significantly improve the overall mechanical properties of specimens, it also results in a corresponding reduction in the lightweighting index. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Modelling, Safety Assessment, and Advanced Material Application of Marine Structures)
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16 pages, 11432 KB  
Article
Added Resistance and Motion Predictions for a Medium-Sized RoPax Ferry
by Ermina Begovic, Raffaele Ponzini, Francesco Salvadore, Gennaro Rosano and Arianna Bionda
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2006; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102006 - 19 Oct 2025
Viewed by 148
Abstract
The present paper reports the comparison of the ship motions and added resistance assessment using high fidelity RANSE simulations in virtual towing tank LincoSim, using 2D strip theory as implemented in ShipX v4.4.0 and 3D BEM potential flow software Hydrostar v8.2.1. All calculations [...] Read more.
The present paper reports the comparison of the ship motions and added resistance assessment using high fidelity RANSE simulations in virtual towing tank LincoSim, using 2D strip theory as implemented in ShipX v4.4.0 and 3D BEM potential flow software Hydrostar v8.2.1. All calculations are performed for a medium-sized RoPax ferry of Levante Ferries fleet, which operates daily routes in the Ionian Sea. Calculations by ShipX are performed in frequency domain (using strip-theory and direct pressure integration) and in time domain. The high-fidelity RANSE seakeeping modeling is based on the open-source CFD code OpenFOAM v12 using a standardized framework, tailored to take advantage of HPC facilities and based on a forcing zone formulation. The CFD simulations are performed for six wave periods in head and beam seas at the constant wave height of 3 m. Comparison of the obtained results shows that potential-flow methods are very efficient and reliable tools, suitable for the massive calculations in the first stages of the project. High-fidelity RANSE modeling seems to be more suited for selected cases such as analysis of roll and added resistance in beam waves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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19 pages, 20423 KB  
Article
Earthquake-Triggered Tsunami Hazard Assessment in the Santorini–Amorgos Tectonic Zone: Insights from Deterministic Scenario Modeling
by Dimitrios-Vasileios Batzakis, Dimitris Sakellariou, Efthimios Karymbalis, Loukas-Moysis Misthos, Gerasimos Voulgaris, Konstantinos Tsanakas, Emmanuel Vassilakis and Kalliopi Sapountzaki
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2005; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102005 - 19 Oct 2025
Viewed by 269
Abstract
In the early months of 2025, a significant seismic activity was recorded in the area between Santorini and Amorgos, raising concerns about the potential occurrence of a major earthquake and a possible tsunami. The objective of this study is to assess the earthquake-triggered [...] Read more.
In the early months of 2025, a significant seismic activity was recorded in the area between Santorini and Amorgos, raising concerns about the potential occurrence of a major earthquake and a possible tsunami. The objective of this study is to assess the earthquake-triggered tsunami hazard in the Santorini-Amorgos Tectonic Zone (SATZ) by simulating tsunami processes using the MOST (Method of Splitting Tsunami) numerical model, implemented through the ComMIT (Community Model Interface for Tsunamis). High-resolution bathymetry and topography were employed to model tsunami generation, propagation, and onshore inundation. A total of 60 simulations were conducted using a deterministic approach based on worst-case scenarios. The analysis considered six major active faults with two kinematic types, pure normal and oblique-slip, and assessed tsunami impact on five selected coastal study areas. The simulations results showed potential maximum run-up values of 4.1 m in Gialos (Ios), 2.7 m in Kamari (Santorini), 2.4 m in Perissa (Santorini), 1.5 m in Katapola (Amorgos), and 2.3 m in Chora (Astypalaea), in some cases affecting residential zones. Inundation flows also impacted the main ports of Gialos, Katapola, and Chora, highlighting the exposure of critical infrastructure. Although earthquake-triggered tsunamis represent a potential hazard in the SATZ, the results indicated that it is unlikely to cause a widespread disaster in the study areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Storm Tide and Wave Simulations and Assessment, 3rd Edition)
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35 pages, 12596 KB  
Article
Novel T–U-Shaped Barge Design and Dynamic Response Analysis for Float-Over Installation of Offshore Converter Platform
by Ping Li, Li Zhao, Mingjun Ouyang, Kai Ye, Rui Zhao, Meiyan Zou and Mingsheng Chen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2004; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102004 - 19 Oct 2025
Viewed by 162
Abstract
To address the current lack of specialized equipment for offshore wind platform installation and the unresolved challenges in deploying large offshore converter stations, this paper proposes a novel T–U-shaped barge for large offshore wind structures. First, a hydrodynamic model of the T–U-shaped barge [...] Read more.
To address the current lack of specialized equipment for offshore wind platform installation and the unresolved challenges in deploying large offshore converter stations, this paper proposes a novel T–U-shaped barge for large offshore wind structures. First, a hydrodynamic model of the T–U-shaped barge is constructed and analyzed in ANSYS-AQWA. The influence of resonance occurring in the gap at the U-shaped stern on the frequency-domain model of the T–U-shaped barge is investigated. Subsequently, two installation configurations are examined: loading at the bow and loading at the stern of the T–U-shaped barge. This study comprehensively considers key components of the float-over installation system, including leg mating units (LMUs), deck support units (DSUs), fenders, and mooring cables. The results show that, for both installation schemes, the dynamic load distribution on each LMU evolves as the load-transfer stage progresses, and the sensitivity to wave period varies across different load-transfer stages, even under the same operating condition. This study evaluates the performance of the proposed T–U-shaped barge in the float-over installation of large offshore converter stations, demonstrating that its distinctive configuration endows it with strong functionality and provides valuable references for optimizing offshore wind-structure installation methods, as well as for the design and manufacturing of installation equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Marine Structures)
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24 pages, 1712 KB  
Article
Dual-Objective Optimization of Port Tugboat Scheduling with Heterogeneous Service Capabilities
by Chao Fang, Tian Chai, Wei Huang and Huaiwei Zhu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2003; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102003 - 19 Oct 2025
Viewed by 117
Abstract
As critical hubs in the global supply chain, a port’s competitiveness and sustainability are directly impacted by the efficiency and carbon emissions of its tugboat scheduling. This paper addresses the scheduling optimization of heterogeneous tugboat fleets, aiming to balance these dual objectives. A [...] Read more.
As critical hubs in the global supply chain, a port’s competitiveness and sustainability are directly impacted by the efficiency and carbon emissions of its tugboat scheduling. This paper addresses the scheduling optimization of heterogeneous tugboat fleets, aiming to balance these dual objectives. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is constructed to minimize vessel waiting time and total carbon emissions, considering key real-world constraints such as tidal windows and channel capacity. Given the model’s complexity, an improved multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is designed, which significantly enhances the performance for solving large-scale instances. A case study based on actual data from Xiamen Port shows that the proposed model and algorithm can effectively generate a series of Pareto-optimal schedules, providing a decision-making basis for port authorities to achieve green and efficient tugboat scheduling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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23 pages, 8290 KB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Fines Migration Mechanisms in Porous Media: Implications for Marine Gas Hydrate Production
by Shuang Cindy Cao, Mengzhen Cao, Yanli Yuan, Jongwon Jung and Xiaoshuang Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2002; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102002 - 18 Oct 2025
Viewed by 136
Abstract
Fines migration and clogging in porous media have significant implications for engineering applications. For example, during the extraction of marine gas hydrates, fines migration can lead to pore clogging and reduced permeability. This study combines micromodel experiments with DEM-CFD simulations to investigate the [...] Read more.
Fines migration and clogging in porous media have significant implications for engineering applications. For example, during the extraction of marine gas hydrates, fines migration can lead to pore clogging and reduced permeability. This study combines micromodel experiments with DEM-CFD simulations to investigate the effects of fine type (latex/mica), fine shape (spherical/flake), pore size (50 to 700 μm), and pore fluid composition (DW/brine) on fines migration, fine clogging behavior, and the evolution of host sediment porosity. Experiments demonstrate that clogging is geometrically influenced by the relationship between pore size and fines dimensions. Even when the size of fines (mica) is smaller than the pore throat size, their aggregates can still lead to clogging at very low concentrations (0.1–0.2%). The aggregate size of irregular mica is affected by changes in pore fluid properties, which may occur due to the freshening of pore water during hydrate dissociation. Furthermore, a moving gas/liquid interface concentrates fines, thereby increasing the risk of pore clogging. Simulations further reveal that fines migration causes dynamic changes in porosity, which requires a comprehensive consideration of the coupled effects of fine type, fluid velocity, pore size, and fluid chemistry. This study elucidates the microscopic mechanisms and quantifies the macroscopic effects of fines migration behavior in porous media, providing a theoretical foundation for further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geological Oceanography)
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24 pages, 14492 KB  
Article
Design and Control of a Bionic Underwater Collector Based on the Mouth Mechanism of Stomiidae
by Zexing Mo, Ping Ren, Lei Zhang, Jisheng Zhou, Yaru Li, Bowei Cui and Luze Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102001 - 18 Oct 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
Deep-sea mining has gradually emerged as a core domain in global resource exploitation. Underwater autonomous robots, characterized by low cost, high flexibility, and lightweight properties, demonstrate significant advantages in deep-sea mineral development. To address the limitations of traditional deep-sea mining equipment, such as [...] Read more.
Deep-sea mining has gradually emerged as a core domain in global resource exploitation. Underwater autonomous robots, characterized by low cost, high flexibility, and lightweight properties, demonstrate significant advantages in deep-sea mineral development. To address the limitations of traditional deep-sea mining equipment, such as large volume, high energy consumption, and insufficient flexibility, this paper proposes an innovative Underwater Vehicle Collector System (UVCS). Integrating bionic design with autonomous robotic technology, this system features a collection device mimicking the large opening–closing kinematics of the mouth of deep-sea dragonfish (Stomiidae). A dual-rocker mechanism is employed to realize the mouth opening-closing function, and the collection process is driven by the pitching motion of the vehicle without the need for additional motors, thus achieving the advantages of high flexibility, low energy consumption, and light weight. The system is capable of collecting seabed polymetallic nodules with diameters ranging from 1 to 12 cm, thus providing a new solution for sustainable deep-sea mining. Based on the dynamics of UVCS, this paper verifies its attitude stability and collection efficiency in planar motions through single-cycle and multi-cycle simulation analyses. The simulation results indicate that the system operates stably with reliable collection actions. Furthermore, water tank testings demonstrate the opening and closing functions of the UVCS collection device, fully confirming its design feasibility and application potential. In conclusion, the UVCS system, through the integration of bionic design, opens up a new path for practical applications in deep-sea resource exploitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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23 pages, 4230 KB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Structural Dynamic Response of an Offshore Electrical Platform During Mating Process in Float-Over Installation
by Yinfeng Wang, Bo Zhang, Zongjun Shan, Zhenzhou Sun, Jiefeng Chen, Xu Jiang, Guohai Dong and Chunwei Bi
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2000; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102000 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 173
Abstract
As offshore wind power moves into deeper waters, large-scale electrical platforms are key to efficient power transmission. However, their heavy topside modules create major installation challenges. As traditional lifting methods are inadequate, the float-over method has become a viable solution for installing topside [...] Read more.
As offshore wind power moves into deeper waters, large-scale electrical platforms are key to efficient power transmission. However, their heavy topside modules create major installation challenges. As traditional lifting methods are inadequate, the float-over method has become a viable solution for installing topside modules, but it is essential to study the structural responses to collisions during the process to ensure construction and equipment safety. This study establishes a physical model of the offshore converter station at a 1:65 scale based on the elastic force-gravity similarity principle. Assuming the barge carrying the topside module descends at a constant speed, the study investigates the dynamic response of the platform during the float-over mating process. Float-over collision tests are conducted to obtain the platform’s acceleration, strain, and displacement responses and to analyze the effects of collision speed, offset position, and Leg Mating Unit (LMU) stiffness on the dynamic structural response characteristics. The results show that as collision speed increases from 10 mm/s to 50 mm/s, the topside acceleration response increases up to 5.7 times. Beam strain remains mostly unchanged, and displacement increases first, then decreases. Under fixed descent velocity, x-offset increases jacket strain and converter valve acceleration, while y-offset raises platform acceleration and reduces valve acceleration by approximately 20 percent. At 50 mm/s, higher LMU stiffness causes the acceleration response to first drop, then rise. These findings support safe float-over installation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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28 pages, 4432 KB  
Article
Optimizing Informer with Whale Optimization Algorithm for Enhanced Ship Trajectory Prediction
by Haibo Xie, Jinliang Wang, Zhiqiang Shi and Shiyuan Xue
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1999; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101999 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 197
Abstract
The rapid expansion of global shipping has led to continuously increasing vessel traffic density, making high-accuracy ship trajectory prediction particularly critical for navigational safety and traffic management optimization in complex waters such as ports and narrow channels. However, existing methods still face challenges [...] Read more.
The rapid expansion of global shipping has led to continuously increasing vessel traffic density, making high-accuracy ship trajectory prediction particularly critical for navigational safety and traffic management optimization in complex waters such as ports and narrow channels. However, existing methods still face challenges in medium-to-long-term prediction and nonlinear trajectory modeling, including insufficient accuracy and low computational efficiency. To address these issues, this paper proposes an enhanced Informer model (WOA-Informer) based on the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). The model leverages Informer to capture long-term temporal dependencies and incorporates WOA for automated hyperparameter tuning, thereby improving prediction accuracy and robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that the WOA-Informer model achieves outstanding performance across three distinct trajectory patterns, with an average reduction of 23.1% in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and 27.8% in Haversine distance (HAV) compared to baseline models. The model also exhibits stronger robustness and stability in multi-step predictions while maintaining a favorable balance in computational efficiency. These results substantiate the effectiveness of metaheuristic optimization for strengthening deep learning architectures and present a computationally efficient, high-accuracy framework for vessel trajectory prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Manoeuvring and Control)
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17 pages, 3079 KB  
Article
Reducing Aerodynamic Interference Through Layout Optimization of Symmetrically Cambered Wingsails: A Comparative Study of In-Line and Parallel Configurations
by Stephan van Reen, Jianfeng Lin, Jiqiang Niu, Peter Sharpe, Xiaodong Li and Hua-Dong Yao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1998; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101998 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 156
Abstract
Rigid wingsails are increasingly adopted for wind-assisted ship propulsion, with Symmetrically Cambered (SC) profiles identified as highly efficient for thrust generation. This study investigates installation layouts for multiple SC wingsails, focusing on aerodynamic interference that limits their performance. A fast 2D potential-flow panel [...] Read more.
Rigid wingsails are increasingly adopted for wind-assisted ship propulsion, with Symmetrically Cambered (SC) profiles identified as highly efficient for thrust generation. This study investigates installation layouts for multiple SC wingsails, focusing on aerodynamic interference that limits their performance. A fast 2D potential-flow panel method is employed and benchmarked against wind tunnel and 3D IDDES data. Two representative layouts are analyzed: triple-in-line (TL) and quad-in-parallel (QP). Layout optimization is performed using a genetic algorithm with distances between sails as design variables, constrained by the total installation span, at apparent wind angles (AWAs) of 60°, 90°, and 120°. Results show that thrust generation decreases progressively from upstream to downstream sails due to interference effects, with penalties of about 4–6% in the TL and up to 28% in the QP layout. The optimization improves performance only for the TL layout at 60°, while the QP layout shows negligible gains. Analysis of pressure distributions confirms that downstream sails suffer from reduced suction on the leading edge caused by upstream wakes. Overall, the TL layout demonstrates significantly higher aerodynamic reliability than the QP layout. These findings provide new insights into multi-sail configurations and highlight the importance of layout optimization in maximizing thrust efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Fluid Dynamics and Acoustic Design Methods for Ship)
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22 pages, 52390 KB  
Article
Hydrogen Production Power Supply with Low Current Ripple Based on Virtual Impedance Technology Suitable for Offshore Wind–Solar–Storage System
by Peng Chen, Jiajin Zou, Chunjie Wang, Qiang Fu, Lin Cui and Lishan Ma
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101997 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
Hydrogen production from water electrolysis can not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also has abundant raw materials, which is one of the ideal ways to produce hydrogen from new energy. The hydrogen production power supply is the core component of the new [...] Read more.
Hydrogen production from water electrolysis can not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also has abundant raw materials, which is one of the ideal ways to produce hydrogen from new energy. The hydrogen production power supply is the core component of the new energy electrolytic water hydrogen production device, and its characteristics have a significant impact on the efficiency and purity of hydrogen production and the service life of the electrolytic cell. In essence, the DC/DC converter provides the large current required for hydrogen production. For the converter, its input still needs the support of a DC power supply. Given the maturity and technical characteristics of new energy power generation, integrating energy storage into offshore energy systems enables stable power supply. This configuration not only mitigates energy fluctuations from renewable sources but also further reduces electrolysis costs, providing a feasible pathway for large-scale commercialization of green hydrogen production. First, this paper performs a simulation analysis on the wind–solar hybrid energy storage power generation system to demonstrate that the wind–solar–storage system can provide stable power support. It places particular emphasis on the significance of hydrogen production power supply design—this focus stems primarily from the fact that electrolyzers impose specific requirements on high operating current levels and low current ripple, which exert a direct impact on the electrolyzer’s service life, hydrogen production efficiency, and operational safety. To suppress the current ripple induced by high switching frequency and high output current, traditional approaches typically involve increasing the output inductor. However, this method substantially increases the volume and weight of the device, reduces the rate of current change, and ultimately results in a degradation of the system’s dynamic response performance. To this end, this paper focuses on developing a virtual impedance control technology, aiming to reduce the ripple amplitude while avoiding an increase in the filter inductor. Owing to constraints in current experimental conditions, this research temporarily relies on simulation data. Specifically, a programmable power supply is employed to simulate the voltage output of the wind–solar–storage hybrid system, thereby bringing the simulation as close as possible to the actual operating conditions of the wind–solar–storage hydrogen production system. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively suppress the ripple amplitude, maintain high operating efficiency, and ultimately meet the expected research objectives. That makes it particularly suitable as a high-quality power supply for offshore hydrogen production systems that have strict requirements on volume and weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Renewable Energy, Second Edition)
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21 pages, 1246 KB  
Article
Path Identification in Passive Acoustic Tomography via Time Delay Difference Comparison and Accumulation Analysis
by Tianyu Ma, Ting Zhang and Wen Xu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1996; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101996 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 205
Abstract
Empirical green’s functions (EGFs) can be extracted from the cross-correlation of ambient ocean noise and serve as the foundation for passive ocean acoustic tomography (POAT). A critical challenge in POAT is the accurate identification of propagation paths, especially in shallow water and short-range [...] Read more.
Empirical green’s functions (EGFs) can be extracted from the cross-correlation of ambient ocean noise and serve as the foundation for passive ocean acoustic tomography (POAT). A critical challenge in POAT is the accurate identification of propagation paths, especially in shallow water and short-range scenarios where multipath arrivals often overlap. Traditional methods relying on absolute arrival time delays are rather sensitive to environmental variability and measurement uncertainty. In this study, we propose a path identification method based on time delay differences between extracted acoustic paths, which exhibit lower sensitivity to sound speed profile (SSP) perturbations than absolute time delays. This approach provides a more robust and stable metric for distinguishing coherent arrivals. We further analyze how accumulation time and hydrophone spacing influence the extraction of coherent wavefronts and identify trade-offs in resolution and stability. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through both field experiments and Bellhop simulations, demonstrating consistent time delay difference patterns and improved arrival stability. The findings suggest that time delay difference-based path identification enhances robustness and provides practical guidance for optimizing POAT deployments in complex shallow water environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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21 pages, 6032 KB  
Article
Online Sparse Sensor Placement with Mobility Constraints for Pollution Plume Reconstruction
by Aoming Liang, Duoxiang Xu, Dashuai Chen, Weicheng Cui and Qi Liu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1995; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101995 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
The rational placement of pollutant monitoring sensors has long been a prominent research focus in ocean environment science. Our method integrates an incremental Proper Orthogonal Decomposition with a mobility-constrained sensor selection strategy, enabling efficient monitoring and dynamic adaptation to spatio-temporal field changes. At [...] Read more.
The rational placement of pollutant monitoring sensors has long been a prominent research focus in ocean environment science. Our method integrates an incremental Proper Orthogonal Decomposition with a mobility-constrained sensor selection strategy, enabling efficient monitoring and dynamic adaptation to spatio-temporal field changes. At each time step, the position of the sensors is updated based on the incoming measurements to minimize the reconstruction error while adhering to movement constraints. This online approach considers the need for mobility distance, making it suitable for long-term deployments in resource-limited scenarios. The proposed framework is validated in three scenarios: a linear advection–diffusion system with multiple moving pollution sources, the distribution of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) across the United States, and scalar transport in flows past side-by-side cylinder arrays in the ocean. The results demonstrate that the method achieves high reconstruction accuracy with significantly fewer sensors. This study conducts a comparative analysis of three typical mobility constraints and their respective effects on reconstruction accuracy. In addition, the proposed localized sensor mobility strategy effectively tracks evolving plume structures and maintains a low approximation error, providing a generalizable solution for sparse monitoring of the marine environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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19 pages, 2878 KB  
Article
A Simplified Model for Coastal Pollution Forecasting Under Severe Storm and Wind Effects: The Besòs Wastewater Treatment Plant Case Study
by Yolanda Bolea, Edmundo Guerra, Rodrigo Munguia and Antoni Grau
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101994 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 179
Abstract
This study focuses on the impact of wastewater discharges from the Besòs treatment plant on the coastal water quality of Barcelona, particularly under adverse weather conditions. A simplified mathematical model was developed to predict, in real time, the concentration of bacterial indicators ( [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the impact of wastewater discharges from the Besòs treatment plant on the coastal water quality of Barcelona, particularly under adverse weather conditions. A simplified mathematical model was developed to predict, in real time, the concentration of bacterial indicators (Enterococci and E. coli) along nearby beaches. This model aims to quickly detect contamination events and trigger alerts to evacuate swimming areas before water quality tests are completed. The simulator uses meteorological data—such as wind direction and speed, rainfall intensity, and solar irradiance, among others—to anticipate pollution levels without requiring immediate water sampling. The model was tested against real-world scenarios and validated with historical meteorological and bacteriological data collected over six years. The results show that bacterial pollution occurs mainly during intense rainfall events combined with specific wind conditions, particularly when winds blow from the southeast (SE) or east–southeast (ESE) at moderate to high speeds. These wind patterns carry under-treated wastewater toward the coast. Conversely, winds from the north or northwest tend to disperse the contaminants offshore, posing little to no risk to swimmers. This study confirms that pollution events are relatively rare—about two per year—but pose significant health risks when they do occur. The simulator proved reliable, accurately predicting contamination episodes without producing false alarms. Minor variables such as water temperature or suspended solids showed limited influence, with wind and sunlight being the most critical factors. The model’s rapid response capability allows public authorities to take swift action, significantly reducing the risk to beachgoers. This system enhances current water quality monitoring by offering a predictive, cost-effective, and preventive tool for beach management in urban coastal environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Environmental Science)
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16 pages, 10199 KB  
Article
Application of Double-Chamber Airbags as Ship Fenders in Ship Collision Scenarios
by Zhengyao Wang, Kun Liu, Zhenguo Gao, Weijian Qiu and Qingao Meng
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101993 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 166
Abstract
Ship-to-ship impacts can lead to serious outcomes such as environmental contamination, cargo and economic losses, and risks to crew safety. The steady growth of maritime traffic has amplified the likelihood of such incidents, emphasizing the necessity of more reliable mitigation technologies. Conventional protective [...] Read more.
Ship-to-ship impacts can lead to serious outcomes such as environmental contamination, cargo and economic losses, and risks to crew safety. The steady growth of maritime traffic has amplified the likelihood of such incidents, emphasizing the necessity of more reliable mitigation technologies. Conventional protective systems are often inadequate for present-day demands, underscoring the need for improved energy-absorbing solutions. In this study, a double-chamber airbag is developed to strengthen the lateral crash resistance of vessels, particularly under deliberate collision conditions. The model is analyzed using finite element simulations, which are further verified through experimental comparison to ensure computational accuracy. The proposed configuration is benchmarked against a single-chamber airbag, and the findings reveal its superior capability in attenuating impact forces. Parametric analyses under varying velocities and impact angles confirm that the new design offers stable crashworthiness and effectively redistributes collision energy. At low speeds, it reduces local deformation, while under high-energy or oblique impacts, it cushions the structure and prevents severe hull damage. The observed trends demonstrate the potential of the double-chamber concept for future ship protection applications in complex operational environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing the Ultimate Strength of Offshore Structures for Sustainable and Resilient Marine Energy Systems)
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