Human Genotoxic Study Carried Out Two Years after Oil Exposure during the Clean-up Activities Using Two Different Biomarkers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Cytogenetic Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Exposed | Non-Exposed | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Total Individuals, No. | 20 | 20 | |
Total Binucleate Cells, No. | 20.000 | 20.000 | |
Binucleated cells with micronucleus, No. (%) | 457 (2.3) | 514 (2.6) | 0.4774 |
1 micronucleus/cell, No. | 399 | 450 | |
2 micronucleus/cell, No. | 49 | 53 | |
3 micronucleus/cell, No. | 9 | 11 | |
Nucleplasmic bridges, No. (%) | 131 (0.65) | 98 (0.49) | 0.08 |
Nuclear buds, No. (%) | 106 (0.53) | 68 (0.34) | 0.2356 |
Total Metaphases Analyzed (Uniform Stain), No. | 2112 | 2.148 | |
Chromosome lesion, No. (%) | 28 (1.3) | 7 (0.3) | 0.0231 |
Total Metaphases Karyotyped (G-Banded), No. | 537 | 563 | |
Structural chromosome alterations, No. (%) | 36 (6.7) | 16 (2.8) | 0.0972 |
Balanced, No. | 1 | 3 | |
Unbalanced, No. | 35 | 13 |
Type of individuals | Binucleate cells | Chromosomal Lesions | Structural Chromosomal Alteration | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Age | Cells | MN | NBUP | NPB | Cells | Lesions | Karyotypes | Structural Alterations | Balanced Structural Alterations | Unbalanced Structural Alterations | Type of Structural Alteration | |||||
MN | 0 | 1 | 2 | ≥3 | |||||||||||||
Exposed | |||||||||||||||||
E1 | woman | 49.02 | 1000 | 29 | 971 | 27 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 1 | 27 | 5 | 0 | 5 | t(13;20)(q32;q12); t(9;?), t(10;18),mar; del(2)(q12) |
E2 | man | 54,01 | 1000 | 23 | 977 | 20 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 116 | 3 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
E3 | man | 44,02 | 1000 | 21 | 979 | 19 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 105 | 6 | 29 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ace |
E4 | man | 31,26 | 1000 | 17 | 983 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 105 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ace,ace |
E5 | woman | 51,90 | 1000 | 25 | 975 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 11 | 8 | 103 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
E6 | man | 35,92 | 1000 | 17 | 983 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 108 | 1 | 30 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ace; add(12)(qter) |
E7 | woman | 49,62 | 1000 | 43 | 957 | 37 | 4 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 100 | 2 | 25 | 6 | 0 | 6 | ace; t(4;16)(q13,p13.3); mar,mar,mar,mar |
E8 | man | 56,45 | 1000 | 43 | 957 | 37 | 4 | 2 | 19 | 6 | 102 | 1 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
E9 | woman | 50,51 | 1000 | 11 | 989 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 14 | 100 | 6 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ace |
E10 | man | 52,50 | 1000 | 9 | 991 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 102 | 1 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
E11 | woman | 54,86 | 1000 | 32 | 968 | 24 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 110 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
E12 | woman | 44,89 | 1000 | 37 | 963 | 30 | 5 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 112 | 0 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 1 | mar |
E13 | man | 57,02 | 1000 | 18 | 982 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 100 | 1 | 31 | 1 | 1 | t(13;11)(p25;q23) | |
E14 | woman | 46,13 | 1000 | 18 | 982 | 16 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 104 | 1 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 1 | mar |
E15 | woman | 62,17 | 1000 | 14 | 986 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 103 | 0 | 25 | 3 | 0 | 3 | t(7;10); r, r |
E16 | woman | 48,99 | 1000 | 10 | 990 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 112 | 0 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 1 | t(X;4)(q21;p16) |
E17 | woman | 58,37 | 1000 | 8 | 992 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 105 | 0 | 27 | 1 | 0 | 1 | del(7)(q33) |
E18 | woman | 36,90 | 1000 | 31 | 969 | 26 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 112 | 0 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 1 | mar |
E19 | man | 52,98 | 1000 | 38 | 962 | 34 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 106 | 2 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 1 | del(7)(p15) |
E20 | man | 54,94 | 1000 | 13 | 987 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 107 | 1 | 25 | 9 | 0 | 9 | mar,mar; ace, ace; mar, mar,mar,mar,mar |
20000 | 457 | 19543 | 399 | 49 | 9 | 131 | 106 | 2112 | 28 | 537 | 36 | 1 | 35 | ||||
Non-Exposed | |||||||||||||||||
NE1 | woman | 54,33 | 1000 | 22 | 978 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 103 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE2 | woman | 50,60 | 1000 | 22 | 978 | 17 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 3 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE3 | woman | 57,52 | 1000 | 13 | 987 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 105 | 0 | 25 | 4 | 0 | 4 | mar,mar,mar,mar |
NE4 | woman | 57,19 | 1000 | 14 | 986 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 101 | 1 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 1 | del(1)(q21) |
NE5 | man | 58,78 | 1000 | 22 | 978 | 19 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 108 | 0 | 26 | 3 | 0 | 3 | del(2)(q21); del(1)(q23), mar |
NE6 | woman | 57,61 | 1000 | 59 | 941 | 52 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 100 | 0 | 25 | 1 | 1 | 0 | t(13;14)(q14,q32) |
NE7 | woman | 36,56 | 1000 | 5 | 995 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 107 | 0 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 1 | del(1)(q32) |
NE8 | woman | 53,22 | 1000 | 30 | 970 | 26 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 110 | 0 | 33 | 1 | 0 | 1 | mar |
NE9 | woman | 58,58 | 1000 | 50 | 950 | 43 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 113 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE10 | woman | 56,00 | 1000 | 26 | 974 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 1 | 107 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE11 | woman | 56,85 | 1000 | 10 | 990 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 120 | 1 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 1 | mar |
NE12 | woman | 46,36 | 1000 | 38 | 962 | 32 | 5 | 1 | 9 | 5 | 130 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE13 | woman | 55,82 | 1000 | 12 | 988 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 101 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE14 | woman | 45,84 | 1000 | 26 | 974 | 24 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 108 | 2 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE15 | man | 48,56 | 1000 | 41 | 959 | 33 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 3 | 107 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE16 | woman | 55,54 | 1000 | 23 | 977 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 102 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE17 | woman | 58,62 | 1000 | 36 | 964 | 32 | 4 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 112 | 0 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 1 | del(9)(q21) |
NE18 | man | 57,15 | 1000 | 38 | 962 | 37 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 105 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NE19 | woman | 49,98 | 1000 | 18 | 982 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 108 | 0 | 26 | 2 | 1 | 1 | t(8;13)((q24.1;q31); t(2;5) |
NE20 | woman | 46,31 | 1000 | 9 | 991 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 101 | 0 | 29 | 1 | 1 | 0 | t(3;8)(q27;q13) |
20000 | 514 | 19486 | 450 | 53 | 11 | 98 | 68 | 2148 | 7 | 563 | 16 | 3 | 13 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- nuclear abnormalies (micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds) in binucleated cells may not detect genotoxic effects more than two years after acute oil exposure when the toxic agent is no longer present;
- chromosome damage (chromosome lesion and structural chromosome alterations) in metaphases cells is a useful biomarker for assessing genotoxic effect two years after acute oil exposure using the same peripheral blood extraction in which nuclear abnormalies were analyzed; and
- comparative study using nuclear abnormalies and chromosome damage analyses emphasizes the need to use appropriate biomarker for detection of genotoxic effect in individuals involved in toxic accidents.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biern, G.; Giraldo, J.; Zock, J.-P.; Monyarch, G.; Espinosa, A.; Rodríguez-Trigo, G.; Gómez, F.; Pozo-Rodríguez, F.; Barberà, J.-A.; Fuster, C. Human Genotoxic Study Carried Out Two Years after Oil Exposure during the Clean-up Activities Using Two Different Biomarkers. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2015, 3, 1334-1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3041334
Biern G, Giraldo J, Zock J-P, Monyarch G, Espinosa A, Rodríguez-Trigo G, Gómez F, Pozo-Rodríguez F, Barberà J-A, Fuster C. Human Genotoxic Study Carried Out Two Years after Oil Exposure during the Clean-up Activities Using Two Different Biomarkers. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2015; 3(4):1334-1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3041334
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiern, Gloria, Jesús Giraldo, Jan-Paul Zock, Gemma Monyarch, Ana Espinosa, Gema Rodríguez-Trigo, Federico Gómez, Francisco Pozo-Rodríguez, Joan-Albert Barberà, and Carme Fuster. 2015. "Human Genotoxic Study Carried Out Two Years after Oil Exposure during the Clean-up Activities Using Two Different Biomarkers" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 3, no. 4: 1334-1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3041334