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Article

The Potential Sex Determination Genes, Sox9a and Cyp19a, in Walleye Pollock (Gadus Chalcogrammus) Are Influenced by Water Temperature

by
So-Sun Kim
1,
David Nahm-Joon Kim
1,
Chang-Ju Lee
1,
Hae-Kyun Yoo
2,
Soon-Gyu Byun
2,
Hyun-Jeong Lim
2,
Jin Choi
3 and
Jang-Su Park
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
2
East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 1194 Haean-ro, Yeongok-myeon, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25435, Korea
3
Aquaculture management division, National Institute of Fisheries Science216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 618-270, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070501
Submission received: 10 June 2020 / Revised: 28 June 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 / Published: 8 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Aquaculture)
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Abstract

Our aim was to study the relationship between the sex-determining genes, sox9a and cyp19a, and water temperature in Gadus chalcogrammus. We assessed the sex ratio based on the expression levels of sox9a and cyp19a at different water temperatures (5, 8, 11, and 14 °C) and at different stages of walleye pollock development (embryos, larvae, and juveniles). Next, we used immature walleye pollock to assess sox9a expression in males and cyp19a and vitellogenin (VTG) expression in females at different water temperatures. Males expressed sox9a in the gonadal tissues, while females expressed cyp19a in the gonadal tissues and VTG in the blood plasma. In the first experiment, cyp19a expression was higher at 5 °C and 8 °C, and sox9a expression was higher at 11 and 14 °C. In the second experiment, sox9a expression remained relatively stable, but cyp19a expression decreased with increasing temperature, decreasing significantly after 14 °C. Similar patterns were also observed for VTG expression. These results indicate that lower water temperatures increase cyp19a expression, which increases the female ratio. Higher water temperatures increase sox9a expression, which increases the male ratio. Therefore, this study highlights the potential of the sex-determining genes and the influence of water temperature.
Keywords: sex determination; sox9a; cyp19a; walleye pollock; water temperature sex determination; sox9a; cyp19a; walleye pollock; water temperature

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, S.-S.; Kim, D.N.-J.; Lee, C.-J.; Yoo, H.-K.; Byun, S.-G.; Lim, H.-J.; Choi, J.; Park, J.-S. The Potential Sex Determination Genes, Sox9a and Cyp19a, in Walleye Pollock (Gadus Chalcogrammus) Are Influenced by Water Temperature. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070501

AMA Style

Kim S-S, Kim DN-J, Lee C-J, Yoo H-K, Byun S-G, Lim H-J, Choi J, Park J-S. The Potential Sex Determination Genes, Sox9a and Cyp19a, in Walleye Pollock (Gadus Chalcogrammus) Are Influenced by Water Temperature. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8(7):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070501

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, So-Sun, David Nahm-Joon Kim, Chang-Ju Lee, Hae-Kyun Yoo, Soon-Gyu Byun, Hyun-Jeong Lim, Jin Choi, and Jang-Su Park. 2020. "The Potential Sex Determination Genes, Sox9a and Cyp19a, in Walleye Pollock (Gadus Chalcogrammus) Are Influenced by Water Temperature" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7: 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070501

APA Style

Kim, S.-S., Kim, D. N.-J., Lee, C.-J., Yoo, H.-K., Byun, S.-G., Lim, H.-J., Choi, J., & Park, J.-S. (2020). The Potential Sex Determination Genes, Sox9a and Cyp19a, in Walleye Pollock (Gadus Chalcogrammus) Are Influenced by Water Temperature. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(7), 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070501

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