Animal Matter in Indigenous Place-Thought: A Case from the Moon Pyramid, Teotihuacan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Place-Thought and Relationality
3. Place-Thought in the Mesoamerican Context: The Altepetl
4. Moon Pyramid’s Burial 2 and 6: The Data
5. Embodied Experiences: Human–Animal Interactions
6. Animals That Reside Within: The Altepetl as Place-Thought
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Alberti, Benjamin. 2016. Archaeologies of Ontology. Annual Review of Anthropology 45: 163–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alberti, Benjamin, and Tamara L. Bray. 2009. Introduction. Animating Archaeology: Of Subjects, Objects and Alternative Ontologies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 19: 337–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armstrong Oma, Kristin. 2010. Between Trust and Domination: Social Contracts Between Humans and Animals. World Archaeology 42: 175–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashmore, Wendy. 1991. Site-Planning Principles and Concepts of Directionality among the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 2: 199–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barad, Karen. 2007. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Bennett, Jane. 2010. Vibrant Matter a Political Ecology of Things. A John Hope Franklin Center Book. Durham: Duke University Press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bird-David, Nurit. 1999. ‘Animism’ Revisited: Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology. Current Anthropology 40: S67–S91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutin, Alexis T. 2011. Crafting a Bioarchaeology of Personhood: Osteobiographical Narratives from Alalakh. In Breathing New Life into the Evidence of Death: Contemporary Approaches to Bioarchaeology. Edited by Aubrey Baadsgaard, Alexis T. Boutin and Jane E. Buikstra. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, pp. 109–33. [Google Scholar]
- Brady, James E., and Wendy Ashmore. 1999. Mountains, Caves, Water: Ideational Landscapes of the Ancient Maya. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives. Edited by Wendy Ashmore and Arthur Bernard Knapp. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 124–45. [Google Scholar]
- Broda, Johanna. 1989. Geografía, Clima y Observación de la Naturaleza en la Mesoamérica Prehispánica. In Las Máscaras de la Cueva de Santa Ana Teloxtoc. Edited by Ernesto Vargas. Serie Antropológica. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, vol. 105, pp. 35–51. [Google Scholar]
- Broda, Johanna, Stanislaw Iwaniszeski, and Arturo Montero. 2001. La Montaña en el Paisaje Ritual. Mexico City: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN 978-70-18-6919-2. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, Linda A., and Kitty F. Emery. 2008. Negotiations with the Animate Forest: Hunting Shrines in the Guatemalan Highlands. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 15: 300–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cipolla, Craig N. 2020. In Search of Different Pasts. In Archaeological Theory in Dialogue: Situating Relationality, Ontology, Posthumanism, and Indigenous Paradigms. Edited by Rachel J. Crellin, Craig N. Cipolla, Lindsay M. Montgomery, Oliver J. T. Harris and Sophie V. Moore. Milton: Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 150–67. ISBN 978-0-429-65140-3. [Google Scholar]
- Cowgill, George L. 2015. Ancient Teotihuacan: Early Urbanism in Central Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Currier, Mary Jean P. 1983. Felis Concolor. Mammalian Species 20: 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Sahagún, Bernardino. 1956. Historia General de Las Cosas de Nueva España. Mexico City: Porrúa. [Google Scholar]
- de Sahagún, Bernardino. 1963. Florentine Codex. Book 11-Earthy Things. Translated by Charles E. Dibble. Santa Fe: The School of American Research and the University of Utah. [Google Scholar]
- Fausto, Carlos. 2012. Too Many Owners: Mastery and Ownership in Amazonia. In Animism in Rainforest and Tundra: Personhood, Animals, Plants and Things in Contemporary Amazonia and Siberia. Edited by Marc Brightman, Vanessa Elisa Grotti and Olga Ulturgasheva. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 29–47. [Google Scholar]
- Freidel, David. 2022. Eternal Performance: Mesoamerican and Mississippian Tableaux in Comparative Perspective. In Archaeologies of Cosmoscapes in the Americas. Edited by J. Grant Stauffer, Bretton T. Giles and Shawn P. Lambert. Oxford: Oxbow Books, vol. 5, p. 229. Available online: https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5327915&publisher=FZ6430#page=248 (accessed on 1 December 2023).
- Freidel, David A., Saburo Sugiyama, and Nawa Sugiyama. 2024. The Ideas and Images of Cities and Centers: Teotihuacan and the Lowland Maya. In The Materialization of Time in the Ancient Maya World: Mythic History and Ritual Order. Edited by Jerry Murdock, Anne S. Dowd, Arlen F. Chase and David A. Freidel. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, pp. 433–59. Available online: https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/227/edited_volume/book/111422 (accessed on 2 February 2024).
- Gamio, Manuel. 1922. La Poblacion Del Valle de Teotihuacan. México: Dirección de Talleres Graficos de la Secretaría de Fomento, vol. I. [Google Scholar]
- Gossen, Gary H. 1975. Animal Souls and Human Destiny in Chamula. Man 10: 448–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gossen, Gary H. 1979. Temporal and Spatial Equivalents in Chamula Ritual Symbolism. In Reader in Comparative Religion: An Anthropological Approach, 4th ed. Edited by William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 116–29. [Google Scholar]
- Grigione, M. M., P. Beier, R. A. Hopkins, D. Neal, W. D. Padley, C. M. Schonewald, and M. L. Johnson. 2002. Ecological and Allometric Determinants of Home-Range Size for Mountain Lions (Puma Concolor). Animal Conservation 5: 317–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, Oliver J. T. 2020. What Do We Mean by Relational Anyway? In Archaeological Theory in Dialogue: Situating Relationality, Ontology, Posthumanism, and Indigenous Paradigms. Edited by Rachel J. Crellin, Craig N. Cipolla, Lindsay M. Montgomery, Oliver J. T. Harris and Sophie V. Moore. Milton: Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 15–33. ISBN 978-0-429-65140-3. [Google Scholar]
- Harrison-Buck, Eleanor. 2018. Relational Matters of Being: Personhood and Agency in Archaeology. In Relational Identities and Other-than-Human Agency in Archaeology. Edited by Julia A. Hendon and Eleanor Harrison-Buck. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 263–82. Available online: https://muse.jhu.edu/book/63100 (accessed on 1 March 2023).
- Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, and David A. Freidel. 2021. Reassessing Shamanism and Animism in the Art and Archaeology of Ancient Mesoamerica. Religions 12: 394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, and Julia A. Hendon. 2018. An Introduction to Relational Personhood and Other-than-Human Agency in Archaeology. In Relational Identities and Other-than-Human Agency in Archaeology. Edited by Julia A. Hendon and Eleanor Harrison-Buck. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 3–28. [Google Scholar]
- Helmke, Christophe, and Jesper Nielsen. 2014. If Mountains Could Speak: Ancient Toponyms Recorded at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Contributions in New World Archaeology 7: 73–112. [Google Scholar]
- Hill, Erica. 2011. Animals as Agents: Hunting Ritual and Relational Ontologies in Prehistoric Alaska and Chukotka. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21: 407–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hill, Erica. 2013. Archaeology and Animal Persons: Toward a Prehistory of Human-Animal Relations. Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: 117–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hill, Erica. 2018. Personhood and Agency in Eskimo Interactions with the Other-than-Human. In Relational Identities and Other-than-Human Agency in Archaeology. Edited by Julia A. Hendon and Eleanor Harrison-Buck. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 29–50. [Google Scholar]
- Hirth, Kenneth G. 2003. The Altepetl and Urban Structure in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. In El Urbanismo En Mesoamérica: Urbanism in Mesoamerica. Edited by William T. Sanders, Alba Guadalupe Mastache de Escobar and Robert H. Cobean. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, University Park: Pennsylvania State University, pp. 57–84. [Google Scholar]
- Hirth, Kenneth G., David M. Carballo, and Barbara Arroyo, eds. 2020. Teotihuacan: The World Beyond the City. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oakes Research Library and Collection. [Google Scholar]
- Hofman, Courtney A., Robin R. Singleton, and Karissa S. Hughes. 2024. Análisis Paleogenómico de Restos de Águila Real de Teotihuacan. In Proyecto Complejo Plaza de las Columnas, Teotihuacan: Informe Parcial de la Séptima Temporada (2023). Edited by Nawa Sugiyama, Saburo Sugiyama and Luis Rogelio Rivero Chong. Excavation report, submitted and approved by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 554–70. [Google Scholar]
- Holland, William R. 1964. Contemporary Tzotzil Cosmological Concepts as a Basis for Interpreting Prehistoric Maya Civilization. American Antiquity 29: 301–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ingold, Tim. 1986. The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations. Manchester: Manchester University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Ingold, Tim. 2007. Materials against materiality. Archaeological Dialogues 14: 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joyce, Arthur A. 2020. Assembling the City: Monte Alban as a Mountain of Creation and Sustenance. In New Materialisms Ancient Urbanisms. Edited by Timothy R. Pauketat and Susan M. Alt. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 65–93. ISBN 978-1-351-00848-8. [Google Scholar]
- Kowalski, Jeff K. 1999. Natural Order, Social Order, Political Legitimacy, and the Sacred City: The Architecture of Teotihuacan. In Mesoamerican Architecture as a Cultural Symbol. Edited by Jeff K. Kowalski. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 76–109. [Google Scholar]
- Losey, Robert J., Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii, Sandra Garvie-Lok, Mietje Germonpré, Jennifer A. Leonard, Andrew L. Allen, M. Anne Katzenberg, and Mikhail V. Sablin. 2011. Canids as Persons: Early Neolithic Dog and Wolf Burials, Cis-Baikal, Siberia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30: 174–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López Austin, Alfredo. 1993. The Myths of the Opossum: Pathways of Mesoamerican Mythology, 1st ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. [Google Scholar]
- López Austin, Alfredo, and Leonardo López Luján. 2009. Monte Sagrado: Templo Mayor. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Google Scholar]
- López Luján, Leonardo, Alejandra Aguirre Molina, and Israel Elizalde Mendez. 2022. Vestidos Para Matar: Animales Ataviados En Las Ofrendas Del Recinto Sagrado de Tenochtitlan. In Los Animales y El Recinto Sagrado de Tenochtitlan. Edited by Leonardo López Luján and Eduardo Matos Moctezuma. Mexico City: El Colegio Nacional, pp. 183–225. [Google Scholar]
- Lumholtz, Carl. 1945. El México Desconocido: Cinco Años de Exploración entre las Tribus de la Sierra Madre Occidental, en la Tierra Caliente de Tepic y Jalisco, y entre los Tarascos de Michoacán. Mexico City: Publicaciones Herrerias, vol. V.I. [Google Scholar]
- McKusick, Charmion R. 2001. Southwest Birds of Sacrifice. The Arizona Archaeologist. Globe: Arizona Archaeological Society. [Google Scholar]
- Ortíz, Ponciano, and María del Carmen Rodríguez. 2006. The Sacred Hill of El Manatí: A Preliminary Discussion of the Site’s Ritual Paraphernalia. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica: Social Complexity in the Formative Period. Edited by John. E. Clark and Mary Pye. Studies in the History of Art. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, vol. 58, pp. 75–94. [Google Scholar]
- Sandstorm, Alan R., and Pamela Effrein Sandstorm. 2023. Pilgrimage to Broken Mountain: Nahua Sacred Journeys in Mexico’s Huasteca Veracruzana. Denver: University Press of Colorado. [Google Scholar]
- Schwartz, Christopher W., Kelley L. M. Taylor, and Michelle Hegmon. 2021. The Human Experience of Transporting and Raising Scarlet Macaws at Paquimé in Northern Chihuahua, Mexico. In Birds of the Sun: Macaws, Parrots, and People in the Pre-Hispanic US Southwest and Mexican Northwest. Edited by Christopher W. Schwartz, Patricia A. Gilman and Stephen Plog. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, James C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Seler, Eduard. 1986. Plano Geroglifico de Santiago Guevea. Colección de Disertaciones Sobre Lenguas y Arqueologías Americanas. Mexico City: Imprenta Madero S.A. [Google Scholar]
- Somerville, Andrew D., Ben A. Nelson, and Kelly J. Knudson. 2010. Isotopic Investigation of Pre-Hispanic Macaw Breeding in Northwest Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29: 125–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stanton, Travis W., Karl A. Taube, and Ryan H. Collins. 2023. Domesticating Time: Quadripartite Symbolism and Founding Rituals at Yaxuná. In The Materialization of Time in the Ancient Maya World: Mythic History and Ritual Order. Edited by David A. Freidel, Arlen F. Chase, Anne S. Dowd and Jerry Murdock. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, pp. 107–30. [Google Scholar]
- Stuart, David. 1997. The Hills Are Alive: Sacred Mountains in the Maya Cosmos. Symbols 13: 13–18. [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama, Nawa. 2014. Animals and Sacred Mountains: How Ritualized Performances Materialized State-Ideologies at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, UK. [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama, Nawa. 2016. La Noche y El Día En Teotihuacan. Artes de México 121: 30–35. [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama, Nawa. n.d. Animal Matter: Ritual, Place, and Sovereignty at the Moon Pyramid, Teotihuacan. Oxford Studies in the Archaeology of Ancient States. New York: Oxford University Press, in press.
- Sugiyama, Saburo. 2010. Teotihuacan City Layout as a Cosmogram: Preliminary Results of the 2007 Measurement Unit Study. In The Archaeology of Measurement: Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies. Edited by Iain Morley and Colin Renfrew. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 130–49. [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama, Saburo. 2017. Teotihuacan: Planned City with Cosmic Pyramids. In Teotihuacan: City of Water, City of Fire. Edited by Matthew Robb. San Francisco: Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco in Association with Univercity of California Press, pp. 28–37. [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama, Saburo, and Ruben Cabrera Castro. 2007. The Moon Pyramid Project and the Teotihuacan State Polity. Ancient Mesoamerica 18: 109–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugiyama, Saburo, and Ruben Cabrera Castro. 2017. Moon Pyramid and the Ancient State of Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacan: City of Water, City of Fire. Edited by Matthew Robb. San Francisco: Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco in Association with Univercity of California Press, pp. 74–81. [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama, Saburo, and Leonardo López Luján. 2007. Dedicatory Burial/Offering Complexes at the Moon Pyramid, Teotihuacan: A Preliminary Report of 1998–2004 Exploration. Ancient Mesoamerica 18: 127–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugiyama, Saburo, and Nawa Sugiyama. 2021. Monumental Cityscape and Polity at Teotihuacan. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. Edited by Julia A. Hendon, Lisa Overholtzer and Rosemary A. Joyce. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 98–128. [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama, Nawa, Andrew D. Somerville, and Margaret J. Schoeninger. 2015. Stable Isotopes and Zooarchaeology at Teotihuacan, Mexico Reveal Earliest Evidence of Wild Carnivore Management in Mesoamerica. PLoS ONE 10: e0135635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sugiyama, Nawa, William L. Fash, and Christine A.M. France. 2019. Creating the Cosmos, Reifying Power: A Zooarchaeological Investigation of Corporal Animal Forms in the Copan Valley. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29: 407–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugiyama, Nawa, Saburo Sugiyama, Clarissa Cagnato, Christine A. M. France, Atsushi Iriki, Karissa S. Hughes, Robin R. Singleton, Erin Thornton, and Courtney A. Hofman. 2022. Earliest Evidence of Primate Captivity and Translocation Supports Gift Diplomacy Between Teotihuacan and the Maya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119: e2212431119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taube, Karl. A. 2011. Teotihuacan and the Development of Writing in Early Classic Central Mexico. In Their Way of Writing: Scripts, Signs, and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America. Edited by Elizabeth H. Boone and Gary Urton. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, pp. 77–109. [Google Scholar]
- Tobriner, Stephen. 1972. The Fertile Mountain: An Investigation of Cerro Gordo’s Importance to the Town Plan and Iconography of Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacán: XI Mesa Redonda. Edited by Alberto Ruz Lhuillier. Mexico City: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, pp. 103–15. [Google Scholar]
- Todd, Zoe. 2014. Fish Pluralities: Human-Animal Relations and Sites of Engagement in Paulatuuq, Arctic Canada. Études/Inuit/Studies 38: 217–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Todd, Zoe. 2016. An Indigenous Feminist’s Take On The Ontological Turn: ‘Ontology’ Is Just Another Word for Colonialism. Journal of Historical Sociology 29: 4–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Townsend, Richard F. 1982. Pyramid and Sacred Mountain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 385: 37–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ulloa, Astrid, ed. 2002. Rostros Culturales de La Fauna: Las Relaciones Entre Los Humanos y Los Animales En El Contexto Colombiano. Colombia: Instituto Columbiano de Antropología e Historia, Fundación Natural. [Google Scholar]
- Vogt, Evon Z. 1981. Some Aspects of the Sacred Geography of Highland Chiapas. In Mesoamerican Sites and World-Views: A Conference at Dumbarton Oaks, October 16th and 17th, 1976. Edited by Elizabeth P. Benson. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Trustees for Harvard University, pp. 119–38. [Google Scholar]
- Vogt, Evon Z., and David Stuart. 2005. Some Notes on Ritual Caves Among the Ancient and Modern Maya. In In the Maw of the Earth Monster: Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use, 1st ed. Edited by James Edward Brady and Keith M. Prufer. The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 155–85. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, Jeff. 2010. The Golden Eagle, 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Watts, Christopher M., ed. 2013a. Relational Archaeologies: Human, Animals, Things. London and New York: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Watts, Vanessa. 2013b. Indigenous Place-Thought and Agency Amongst Humans and Non Humans (First Woman and Sky Woman Go On a European World Tour!). Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 2. Available online: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/19145 (accessed on 1 March 2023).
Burial 2 | Burial 6 | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | S | MNI | P | S | MNI | P | S | MNI | % MNI | ||||
Aves | |||||||||||||
Aquila chrysaetos | Golden eagle | 9 | - | 9 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 18 | 9 | 27 | 23 | ||
Bubo virginianus | Great horned owl | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
Buteo sp. | Hawk | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
B. jamaicensis | Redtailed hawk | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Colinus virginianus | Bobwhite quail | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
Columbidae | Dove/Pigeon | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Columbina inca | Inca dove | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Corvus corax | Common raven | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
Falco mexicanus | Prairie falcon | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
UnID Bird | - | 2 | 2 | - | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 4 | |||
Mammalia | |||||||||||||
Canis sp. | Canid | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | ||
C. lupus baileyi | Mex grey wolf | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 8 | ||
C. latrans | Coyote | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
Felidae | Feline | - | 3 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | ||
Cf. Panthera onca | Jaguar | - | - | - | 1 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 5 | ||
Puma concolor | Puma | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 9 | ||
Leporid | Rabbit/hares | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Lepus sp. | Hare | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
Sylvilagus sp. | Cottontail | - | 3 | 3 | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | ||
S. audubonii | D. cottontail | - | 1 | 1 | - | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | ||
S. floridannus | E. cottontail | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
Microtus mexicanus | Mex vole | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Sciurus aureogaster | Mex gray squirrel | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
UNID Mammal | - | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
Reptiles | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Crotalus sp. | Rattlesnake | 6 | - | 6 | 18 | - | 18 | 24 | 0 | 24 | 21 | ||
Anura/Lacertilio | Frog/lizard | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
TOTAL | 18 | 25 | 43 | 33 | 41 | 74 | 51 | 66 | 117 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sugiyama, N. Animal Matter in Indigenous Place-Thought: A Case from the Moon Pyramid, Teotihuacan. Religions 2024, 15, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15070817
Sugiyama N. Animal Matter in Indigenous Place-Thought: A Case from the Moon Pyramid, Teotihuacan. Religions. 2024; 15(7):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15070817
Chicago/Turabian StyleSugiyama, Nawa. 2024. "Animal Matter in Indigenous Place-Thought: A Case from the Moon Pyramid, Teotihuacan" Religions 15, no. 7: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15070817