Pathways to Flourishing: The Roles of Self- and Divine Forgiveness in Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Stress and Substance Use among Adults in Trinidad and Tobago
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Flourishing and Stress
1.2. Self-Forgiveness
1.3. Divine Forgiveness
1.4. Present Study
2. Results
2.1. Demographic Variables
2.2. Moderated Moderation
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Participants and Procedure
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Perceived Stress
3.2.2. Self-Forgiveness
3.2.3. Divine Forgiveness
3.2.4. Substance Use Cravings
3.2.5. General Religiousness and Spirituality
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Practical Implications
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | M (SD) | Skewness | Kurtosis | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Perceived Stress | 4.54 (1.95) | −0.6 | −0.93 | -- | |||
2. Self-Forgiveness | 4.46 (0.89) | 0.36 | 0.6 | −0.31 *** | -- | ||
3. Feeling Divine Forgiveness | 2.62 (0.61) | −1.43 | 1.26 | −0.02 | 0.2 *** | -- | |
4. Substance Use Cravings | 2.41 (1.66) | 0.97 | −0.38 | 0.37 *** | −0.3 *** | −0.12 *** | -- |
Religiousness | 3.31 (0.97) | −0.25 | −0.2 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.31 *** | 0.02 |
Spirituality | 3.37 (0.95) | −0.16 | −0.31 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.24 *** | 0.04 |
Variable | B | SE | t | LLCI | ULCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 13.67 *** | 2.79 | 4.9 | 8.2 | 19.15 |
Perceived Stress (X) | −1.86 *** | 0.52 | −3.59 | −2.88 | −0.84 |
Self-Forgiveness (W) | −2.33 *** | 0.62 | −3.77 | −3.54 | −1.11 |
X × W | 0.42 *** | 0.12 | 3.51 | 0.18 | 0.65 |
Feeling Divine Forgiveness (Z) | −4.51 *** | 1.01 | −4.48 | −6.49 | −2.54 |
X × Z | 0.9 *** | 0.19 | 4.71 | 0.53 | 1.28 |
W × Z | 0.84 *** | 0.22 | 3.79 | 0.4 | 1.27 |
X × W × Z | −0.18 *** | 0.04 | −4.14 | −0.26 | −0.09 |
Gender | −0.54 *** | 0.10 | −5.48 | −0.74 | −0.35 |
Age | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.32 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
Race | 0.11 ** | 0.04 | 2.99 | 0.04 | 0.18 |
Education | 0.22 *** | 0.05 | 4.83 | 0.13 | 0.31 |
Income | −0.13 *** | 0.03 | −4.60 | −0.19 | −0.08 |
Religiousness | −0.05 | 0.08 | −0.70 | −0.20 | 0.10 |
Spirituality | 0.12 | 0.07 | 1.57 | −0.03 | 0.26 |
Self-Forgiveness | Feeling Divine Forgiveness | B | SE | t | LLCI | ULCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Low | 0.16 *** | 0.05 | 3.39 | 0.07 | 0.25 |
Low | High | 0.4 *** | 0.04 | 9.06 | 0.32 | 0.49 |
High | Low | 0.26 *** | 0.06 | 4.58 | 0.15 | 0.36 |
High | High | 0.2 *** | 0.04 | 5.58 | 0.13 | 0.28 |
Variable | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Men | 36% |
Women | 62% |
Other | 2% |
Race | |
Afro-Trinidadian | 46% |
Chinese-Trinidadian | 1% |
Mixed | 34% |
Indian-Trinidadian | 6% |
Caucasian-Trinidadian | 8% |
Other | 5% |
Education | |
Less than High School | 5% |
High School | 41% |
Two-Year Degree | 12% |
College/University | 32% |
Beyond Four Years | 10% |
Annual Income (USD) | |
Less than USD 30,000 | 41% |
USD 30,001 to USD 60,000 | 20% |
USD 60,001 to USD 90,000 | 13% |
USD 90,001 to USD 120,000 | 9% |
USD 120,001 to USD 150,000 | 5% |
USD 150,001 to USD 180,000 | 5% |
More than USD 180,000 | 7% |
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Skalski-Bednarz, S.B.; Webb, J.R.; Wilson, C.M.; Toussaint, L.L.; Surzykiewicz, J.; Reid, S.D.; Williams, D.R.; Worthington, E.L., Jr. Pathways to Flourishing: The Roles of Self- and Divine Forgiveness in Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Stress and Substance Use among Adults in Trinidad and Tobago. Religions 2024, 15, 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091060
Skalski-Bednarz SB, Webb JR, Wilson CM, Toussaint LL, Surzykiewicz J, Reid SD, Williams DR, Worthington EL Jr. Pathways to Flourishing: The Roles of Self- and Divine Forgiveness in Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Stress and Substance Use among Adults in Trinidad and Tobago. Religions. 2024; 15(9):1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091060
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkalski-Bednarz, Sebastian Binyamin, Jon R. Webb, Colwick M. Wilson, Loren L. Toussaint, Janusz Surzykiewicz, Sandra D. Reid, David R. Williams, and Everett L. Worthington, Jr. 2024. "Pathways to Flourishing: The Roles of Self- and Divine Forgiveness in Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Stress and Substance Use among Adults in Trinidad and Tobago" Religions 15, no. 9: 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091060