Changes in the Networks of Attention across the Lifespan: A Graphical Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:“For our discipline, for understanding the organization (and disorganization) of behaviour and thought by our mind and brain (cf. Hebb 1949), the concept of attention is of fundamental importance. This is not because, as James (1890) famously said, “everyone knows what attention is”; but rather because everyone’s behaviours and thoughts are mediated, in one way or another, by some aspect of attention”.
1. Introduction
2. Networks of Attention
3. The ANTs
Network | Subtraction: ANT; ANT-C | Subtraction: ANT-I |
---|---|---|
Alerting | no cue − double cue | no tone − tone |
Orienting | central cue − spatial cue | invalid cue − valid cue |
Executive | incongruent − congruent | incongruent − congruent |
4. Lifespan
5. Methods
6. Measuring the Networks of Attention during Childhood
Study | Ages | N | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
ANT-C (Age Varied) | |||
Rueda et al. (2004, E1) | 6–9+ | 48 | |
Rueda et al. (2004, E2) | 10, 27 | 24 | |
Mezzacappa (2004) | 5–7 | 241 | |
Forns et al. (2014) | 7.5–9.5 | 2703 | |
Aubry and Bourdin (2018, 2021) | 12, 21 | 168 | Intellectually gifted and normal children were combined. |
Antón et al. (2014) a | 7.5–11.5 | 360 | Mono- and bi-lingual participants were combined. |
ANT-C (one age) | |||
Hames et al. (2016) | 16 | 6 | |
Kapa and Colombo (2013) | 9.6 | 79 | |
Kooistra et al. (2011) | 9.1 | 38 | |
Park et al. (2019) | 10 | 58 | |
Ridderinkhof et al. (2020) | 13 | 51 | |
Walczak-Kozłowska et al. (2020) | 5.6 | 31 | |
ANT-O (Age varied) | |||
Baijal et al. (2011) | 13–15 | 76 | |
Rueda et al. (2004, E2) | 10, 27 | 24 | |
ANT-O (one age) | |||
Kuc et al. (2020) | 13.2 | 72 | |
Raji et al. (2020) | 14 | 10 | |
Twilhaar et al. (2018) | 13.3 | 33 | |
ANT-I b (Age varied) | |||
Abundis-Gutiérrez et al. (2014) | 5–24 | 60 | |
Casagrande et al. (2021) | 5–6 | 44 | Children 3 and 4 years old were excluded due to high error rates. |
Pozuelos et al. (2014) | 6–12 | 227 | Experiments 1 and 2 were combined. |
M-ANT-I | |||
Mullane et al. (2014) | 7–12 | 96 | |
ANTI-V | |||
Giovannoli et al. (2021) | 10–19 | 182 | Participants were divided into three groups of adolescents. |
6.1. Alerting
6.2. Orienting
6.3. Executive Control
6.4. Summary and Interpretation
7. Measuring the Networks of Attention during Adulthood
Study | Ages | N | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
ANT-O (two or three age groups) | |||
Dash et al. (2019) | 33, 75 | 38 | Event-related fMRI with jittered cue-target SOAs. |
Gamboz et al. (2010) | 26, 68 | 135 | |
Jennings et al. (2007) | 19, 69 | 123 | |
Kaufman et al. (2016) | 23, 65 | 35 | |
Knight and Mather (2013) | 21, 73 | 59 | Morning and afternoon results were combined. |
Mahoney et al. (2012) | 19, 76 | 36 | Data from six randomly intermixed uni- and multi-sensory cue conditions were combined. |
Sperduti et al. (2016) | 27, 67 | 35 | Effect of meditation was excluded. |
Williams et al. (2017) | 22, 65 | 49 | Gain/loss conditions were combined. |
Young-Bernier et al. (2015) | 22, 70 | 64 | |
Zhou et al. (2011) | 28, 51, 71 | 90 | |
ANT-O (only old) | |||
Veríssimo et al. (2022) | 58–93 | 643 | Densely sampled this age range. |
Other (two or three age groups) | |||
Casagrande et al. (2021) a | 23, 55, 71 | 171 | Data from targets presented in the left and right hemifields were combined. |
Lopez-Ramon et al. (2011) | 31.5, 52.5 | 55 | Used the ANT-I with a focus on error-proneness in drivers. |
Erel/Zivony et al. (2020) b | 22, 72 | 238 | Two publications, each with a different focus, were based on the same data. |
7.1. Alerting
7.2. Orienting
7.3. Executive Control
7.4. Summary and Interpretation
8. General Discussion
8.1. Summary: Attention Network Changes across the Lifespan
8.2. Relation to Intelligence?
Study | Age Range | N | Alerting | Orienting | Executive Control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mullane et al. 2014) | 79–150 months | 96 | −0.060 | 0.138 | −0.143 |
(Casagrande et al. 2021) | 20–86 years | 171 | 0.053 | −0.172 | −0.050 |
8.3. Next Steps
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | We are grateful to Jennifer Mullane for providing access to the data from her individual participants. |
2 | Because this is the only study covered in our review with a measure of vigilance, we refer the reader interested in the development of vigilance to Giovannoli et al. (2021). |
3 | This is in contrast to the null correlation reported by Paap and Greenberg (2013) with an adult sample, a difference that might be related to the ages of participants. |
4 | We are grateful to Alon Zivony for providing us with the mean RT and accuracy data from the the individual participants in the Erel/Zivony publications. |
5 | |
6 | Dash et al. (2019) and Mahoney et al. (2012) were the two exceptions. Dash et al. administered the ANT-O using an event-related fMRI protocol, in which the interval between the onset of the cue and target array was varied, between 600 and 6600 ms, which makes it quite different from all of the other studies in our aging analysis. Perhaps the older participants had difficulty maintaining the focus of attention at the cued location when the cue-target SOA was so long. Mahoney et al. used uni- and multi-sensory alerting+orienting cues (visual, auditory, and somatosensory). It seems possible that orienting within the visual modality may have been compromised in the older participants by the spreading of attention amongst the three modalities in which the cues might be presented on any particular trial. |
7 | The single exception was Dash et al. (2019), whose old and young participants had executive scores of 46.6 and 72.3 ms, respectively. Although this study was unusual with regard to the range of foreperiods between the cue and target (see footnote #5) it is difficult to generate a plausible reason for this to matter for executive control. |
8 | Erb et al. (2023) collected flanker compatibility effects from a very large sample of on-line participants who experienced congruent and incongruent target arrays modelled on those used in the ANT. In contrast to what is described here, they found that accuracy flanker effects increased with age from young to older adults. We can offer no explanation for this discrepancy. |
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Klein, R.M.; Good, S.R.; Christie, J.J. Changes in the Networks of Attention across the Lifespan: A Graphical Meta-Analysis. J. Intell. 2024, 12, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020019
Klein RM, Good SR, Christie JJ. Changes in the Networks of Attention across the Lifespan: A Graphical Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence. 2024; 12(2):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020019
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlein, Raymond M., Samantha R. Good, and John J. Christie. 2024. "Changes in the Networks of Attention across the Lifespan: A Graphical Meta-Analysis" Journal of Intelligence 12, no. 2: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020019
APA StyleKlein, R. M., Good, S. R., & Christie, J. J. (2024). Changes in the Networks of Attention across the Lifespan: A Graphical Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 12(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020019