Nanoscale Polishing Technique of Biomedical Grade NiTi Wire by Advanced MAF Process: Relationship between Surface Roughness and Bacterial Adhesion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Selection
2.2. Bacterial Adhesion Tests
2.3. Experimental Setup of the Advanced MAF Process
2.4. FE-SEM Observation and EDS Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Influence of Rotational Speed
3.2. The Influence of PCD Grain Size
3.3. FE-SEM Morphologies
4. Conclusions
- The experimental results revealed that the original surface of 200 μm and 400 μm NiTi wires were achieved to an ultra-smooth surface polish by an advanced MAF process. In the case of 200 μm NiTi wire, the Ra values of 200 μm NiTi wires were smoothly improved from 130–140 nm to 90, 20, and 60 nm at 600, 1200, and 1800 rpm of rotational speed with 120 s of polishing time. While in the case of 400 μm NiTi wire, the Ra values of 400 μm NiTi wires were smoothly improved from 280 nm to 170, 30, and 80 nm at 600, 1200, and 1800 rpm. This indicates that the proposed process is desirable for polishing biomedical materials to the nanoscale level.
- Under the optimal conditions of the MAF process, the percentage reduction in bacterial adhesion for Staphylococcus aureus was about 83.48%, while Escherichia coli was about 70.67%. This indicates that the percentage reduction in the bacteria adhered to the surface of the NiTi wire was more than 70%.
- According to the results, the different input process parameters significantly affect the ability of the advanced MAF process to achieve smooth surfaces of NiTi wire materials. When a smaller grain size (1-μm) was used, a very smooth surface was achieved. However, when larger grain sizes (3, 6-μm) were used, it was difficult to reduce the surface roughness Ra values of wire materials, resulting in values in the range of 140–150 nm. This is because the larger grain sizes of abrasive themselves scratch the surface of NiTi wire materials when the polishing time is lengthened.
- A rotational speed of 1200 rpm achieved better surface roughness reduction compared to a lower rotational speed of 600 rpm. However, by further increasing the rotational speed to 1800 rpm, the surface roughness quality of the NiTi wire materials was not significantly reduced. Further increases in rotation speed could lead to increased centrifugal force and run-out of the abrasive tools, resulting in increased difficulty in achieving smooth surfaces of the NiTi wires.
- FE-SEM images clearly showed the smoothness and cleanliness of the surfaces of NiTi wire materials achieved by this advanced MAF process using the nanoscale polishing technique.
- The bacterial adhesion study revealed that bacterial adhesion has a strong relationship with the surface roughness of biomedical-grade NiTi wires. By reducing the surface roughness to the nano-scale, the ability of bacteria to adhere is decreased, likely resulting in a dramatic reduction in implant-related infections.
- In future work, the effect of surface roughness on shape memory alloy self-expanding NiTi stent on the initial cell adhesion will be studied. Crystal violet staining technique will be carried out for the NiTi stent sample with smooth and rough sample surfaces after 1.5 h cell incubation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Element | Ni | Ti | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
NiTi wire (Ø 400 μm) | Chemical composition | 58.28 | 41.72 | 100 |
NiTi wire (Ø 200 μm) | Chemical composition | 58.66 | 41.34 | 100 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Samples | Biomedical grade NiTi wires (dimension: Ø 200 μm, Ø 400 μm) |
Polishing abrasive tools | Fe micron powder (Fe#200): 0.8 g PCD micro-tools: 1.0 g Grape seed oil (GSO): 400 µL |
PCD micro-tools | Grain size: 1, 3, 6 μm |
Rotational speeds | 600, 1200, 1800 rpm |
Finishing gap | 5 mm |
Vibration of polishing tools | Frequency (f): 10-Hz Amplitude (a): 3 mm |
Type of magnet | Neodymium magnet (Nd-Fe-B) |
Polishing times | 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 s |
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Jang, S.R.; Suh, I.W.; Heng, L. Nanoscale Polishing Technique of Biomedical Grade NiTi Wire by Advanced MAF Process: Relationship between Surface Roughness and Bacterial Adhesion. J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14, 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040177
Jang SR, Suh IW, Heng L. Nanoscale Polishing Technique of Biomedical Grade NiTi Wire by Advanced MAF Process: Relationship between Surface Roughness and Bacterial Adhesion. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2023; 14(4):177. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040177
Chicago/Turabian StyleJang, Se Rim, Il Won Suh, and Lida Heng. 2023. "Nanoscale Polishing Technique of Biomedical Grade NiTi Wire by Advanced MAF Process: Relationship between Surface Roughness and Bacterial Adhesion" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 4: 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040177