COVID-19 Pandemic: What about the Safety of Anti-Coronavirus Nanoparticles?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. SARS-CoV-2: Recent Discoveries
1.2. SARS-CoV-2: Human–Animal Interfaces
1.3. Repurposed Drugs and Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
1.4. Nanotheranostics: Swaying from Anti-Coronavirus to Toxicological Properties
2. Nano–Bio Interface
3. In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility Assessment of NPs
3.1. Assessment In Vitro
3.2. Assessment In Vivo
4. What Safety Challenges Do Anti-CoV NPs Present?
5. Our Inputs: What Next?
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | ACE2 |
C-reactive protein | CRP |
cationic amphiphilic drugs | CADs |
central nervous system | CNS |
coronaviruses | CoVs |
gold nanoparticles | GNPs |
hard PC | HPC |
hours post-fertilization | hpf |
median lethal concentration | LC50 |
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus | MERS-CoV |
neuropilin-1 | NRP1 |
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells | NF-kB |
open reading frames | ORFs |
protein corona | PC |
proteinase-activated receptors | PARs |
quantitative structure-activity relation | QSAR |
quantum dots | QDs |
receptor-binding domain | RBD |
SARS-related CoVs | SARSr-CoVs |
serum Amyloid A | SAA |
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | SARS-CoV-2 |
small airway epithelial cells | SAECs |
soft PC | SPC |
titanium dioxide | TiO2 |
ultrafine particles | UFPs |
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Mosselhy, D.A.; Virtanen, J.; Kant, R.; He, W.; Elbahri, M.; Sironen, T. COVID-19 Pandemic: What about the Safety of Anti-Coronavirus Nanoparticles? Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030796
Mosselhy DA, Virtanen J, Kant R, He W, Elbahri M, Sironen T. COVID-19 Pandemic: What about the Safety of Anti-Coronavirus Nanoparticles? Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(3):796. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030796
Chicago/Turabian StyleMosselhy, Dina A., Jenni Virtanen, Ravi Kant, Wei He, Mady Elbahri, and Tarja Sironen. 2021. "COVID-19 Pandemic: What about the Safety of Anti-Coronavirus Nanoparticles?" Nanomaterials 11, no. 3: 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030796