The Toxicity of Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Their Stabilizers towards Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin Embryos
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Characterization of AgNPs
2.3. Phenotypic Sea Urchin Embryo Assay
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Nanosilver Samples
3.2. Environmental Fate
3.3. Toxicity of AgNPs
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Ag/Stabilizer | CAg/Stabilizer, mg/L | D (TEM), nm | D, nm a | ζ-Potential, mV b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distilled Water | Seawater | Distilled Water | Seawater | |||
Ag/STAPCG | 3000/48,000 | 19.4 ± 9.4 | 52.5 ± 5.9 | 75.2 ± 13.1 | −52.9 | −75.9 |
Ag/PHMB&SLES | 500/500/5200 | 14.9 ± 10.2 | 59.5 ± 3.1 | 33.4 ± 9.9 | −54.7 | −61.5 |
Ag/SADG | 500/2000 | 12.8 ± 7.1 | 61.9 ± 3.8 | 70.7 ± 10.8 | −36.1 | −22.4 |
Ag/AMA | 500/4000 | 8.0 ± 1.9 | 52.2 ± 9.6 | 200.3 ± 2.9 | −50.5 | −24.4 |
Ag/PHMB | 500/500 | 6.6 ± 4.8 | 48.8 ± 0.5 | 1139.0 ± 57.8 | 42.8 | NA c |
Ag/SLES | 100/1000 | 7.5 ± 3.6 | 45.8 ± 1.5 | 299.3 ± 20.5 | −46.8 | NA c |
Stabilizer | MLC FE, mg/L | MLC HB, mg/L | MEC, mg/L |
---|---|---|---|
STAPCG | 2.4 | 4.8 | 2.4 |
PHMB/PHMB&SLES a | 1 | 1 | 0.25 |
SLES/PHMB&SLES b | 10.4 | 10.4 | 2.6 |
SADG | 4 | 4 | 2 |
AMA | 8 | 20 | 2 |
PHMB | >5 | >5 | 2.5 |
SLES | 5 | 10 | 2.5 |
AgNPs | AgNPs MLC, mg/L | AgNPs MEC, mg/L | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
FE | HB | FE | HB | |
Ag/STAPCG | 0.15 a | 0.30 a | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Ag/PHMB&SLES | 0.50 | 1.00 a | 0.25 a | 0.25 a |
Ag/SADG | 0.50 a | 0.50 a | 0.13 | 0.13 |
Ag/AMA | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
Ag/PHMB b | 2.50 | >2.50 | 0.30 | 1.25 |
Ag/SLES | 0.50 a | 0.50 a | 0.12 | 0.12 |
Ag ions | 0.064 | >0.13 | 0.03 | 0.064 |
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Abramenko, N.; Semenova, M.; Khina, A.; Zherebin, P.; Krutyakov, Y.; Krysanov, E.; Kustov, L. The Toxicity of Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Their Stabilizers towards Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin Embryos. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 4003. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12224003
Abramenko N, Semenova M, Khina A, Zherebin P, Krutyakov Y, Krysanov E, Kustov L. The Toxicity of Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Their Stabilizers towards Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin Embryos. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(22):4003. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12224003
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbramenko, Natalia, Marina Semenova, Alexander Khina, Pavel Zherebin, Yurii Krutyakov, Evgeny Krysanov, and Leonid Kustov. 2022. "The Toxicity of Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Their Stabilizers towards Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin Embryos" Nanomaterials 12, no. 22: 4003. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12224003