Effective Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Fe/Al Di-Metal Nanostructured Composite Synthesised from Fe(III) and Al(III) Recovered from Real Acid Mine Drainage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feedstock and Sample Collection
2.2. Synthesis of PDFe/Al from AMD
2.3. Preparation of CR Dye Stock Solutions
2.4. Batch Experiments
2.5. Characterisation of Aqueous Samples
2.6. Characterisation of Solid Samples
2.7. Point of Zero Charge (PZC)
2.8. Adsorption Capacity and Removal Efficiency
2.8.1. Adsorption Capacity
2.8.2. Removal Efficiency
2.9. Desorption Study
3. Results
3.1. Characterisation of PDFe/Al before and after CR Dye Adsorption
3.1.1. FTIR Functional Groups
3.1.2. XRD Mineralogical Composition
3.1.3. SEM Morphology
3.1.4. EDX Elemental Mapping
3.1.5. TGA Thermal Stability
3.1.6. BET Surface Area and Porosity
3.2. Batch Adsorption Experiments
Effect of Initial pH, Temperature and Adsorbent Dosage
3.3. Adsorption Kinetics
3.4. Adsorption Isotherms
Isotherm | Non-Linear Form * | Fitted Parameters * | R2/RMSE |
---|---|---|---|
Langmuir [55,65,66] | 0.922/ 17.7 mg·g−1 | ||
Freundlich [66] | 0.950/ 14.2 mg·g−1 | ||
Two-surface Langmuir [65] | 0.968 11.34 mg·g−1 | ||
Dubinin–Radushkevich [66] | 0.936/ 16.1 mg·g−1 | ||
Dubinin–Astokov [66] | 0.937/ 15.9 mg·g−1 | ||
Sips [67] | 0.947/14.6 mg·g−1 |
3.5. Comparison of PDFe/Al with Other Adsorbents
3.6. Regeneration Study
3.7. Adsorption Mechanism
4. Practical Implications of This Study
- Column tests will be carried out to assess the developed materials’ ability to remove CR continuously.
- A techno-economic analysis of the suggested material should be performed to determine the technology’s economic viability.
- The doping of the material should be considered to boost its adsorption capacity, hence increasing the proposed materials’ adsorption efficiency.
- A life-cycle analysis of the proposed system will be used to determine the environmental sustainability of the technology.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment No | Initial Concentration (mg·L−1) | Initial pH | Adsorbent Dosage * (g) | Agitation Time (min) | Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1; 5; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 100; 150; 200 | 6–7 | 1 | 30 | 25 |
2 | 10 | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (±0.2) | 1 | 30 | 25 |
3 | 10 | 6–7 | 0.1; 0.5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 (±0.0005) | 30 | 25 |
4 | 10 | 6–7 | 1 | 1; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 40; 50; 60 | 25 |
5 | 10 | 6–7 | 1 | 30 | 25; 35; 45; 55; 65 |
Parameter | Raw PDFe/Al | CR-PDFe/Al |
---|---|---|
BET Surface Area (m2·g−1) | 37.58 ± 0.37 | 134.46 ± 2.06 |
Micropore Area (from t-Plot) (m2·g−1) | 13.67 | 51.85 |
Pore volume (<179 nm) (cm3·g−1) | 0.0621 | 0.1137 |
Micropore Volume (cm3·g−1) | 0.0031 | 0.0155 |
BJH average pore diameter (nm) | 16.47 | 9.58 |
Kinetic Law | Differential Form * | Analytical Form * | Fitted Parameters * | R2/RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-first-order [55] | k1 = 1.85·min−1 | 0.991/ 0.138 mg·g−1 | ||
Pseudo-second-order [55] | k2 = 1.00 g·mg−1·min−1 | 0.998/ 0.0734 mg·g−1 | ||
Two-phase adsorption [56,57,58] | kfast = 3.18 min−1 kslow = 0.128 min−1 ϕ = 0.863 | 1.000/ 0.0263 mg·g−1 | ||
Crank internal mass transfer model [55] | De = 3.49 × 10−11 m2·s−1 | 0.991/0.0277 mg·g−1 | ||
Weber and Morris [55,59] | De1 = 3.49 × 10−11 m2·s−1 De2 = 4.19 × 10−14 m2·s−1 De3 = 0 m2·s−1 | 0.999/ 0.0421 mg·g−1 |
Adsorbent | Qmax,L * | nF ** | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
BTCS functionalised Fe3O4 nanoparticles | 630 mg·g−1 | 1.9596 | [73] |
γ-Fe2O3–γ-Al2O3 | 416.7 mg·g−1 | 1.13 | [54] |
PDFe/Al | 411 mg·g−1 | 1.99 | This study |
Iron doped PVA-chitosan | 315 mg·g−1 | 6.34 | [74] |
FexCo3−xO4 | 160.3 mg·g−1 | 1.44 | [75] |
Calcium Alginate Beads—nano-goethite | 181.1 ± 2.32 mg·g−1 | 2.431 ± 0.343 | [76] |
Fe2O3–Al2O3 | 126.58 mg·g−1 | 1.85 | [54] |
Graphine Oxide-CuFe2O4 | 114.21 mg·g−1 | 1.223 | [77] |
Alumina-Zirconia | 41.07 mg·g−1 | 2.177 | [78] |
Nano bio-clay composite (Kaolinite/Ulva Lactuca) | 23.7529 mg·g−1 | 1.68 | [79] |
α-Fe2O3–α-Al2O3 | 1.422 mg·g−1 | −0.665 | [54] |
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Muedi, K.L.; Masindi, V.; Maree, J.P.; Haneklaus, N.; Brink, H.G. Effective Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Fe/Al Di-Metal Nanostructured Composite Synthesised from Fe(III) and Al(III) Recovered from Real Acid Mine Drainage. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050776
Muedi KL, Masindi V, Maree JP, Haneklaus N, Brink HG. Effective Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Fe/Al Di-Metal Nanostructured Composite Synthesised from Fe(III) and Al(III) Recovered from Real Acid Mine Drainage. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(5):776. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050776
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuedi, Khathutshelo Lilith, Vhahangwele Masindi, Johannes Philippus Maree, Nils Haneklaus, and Hendrik Gideon Brink. 2022. "Effective Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Fe/Al Di-Metal Nanostructured Composite Synthesised from Fe(III) and Al(III) Recovered from Real Acid Mine Drainage" Nanomaterials 12, no. 5: 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050776