Nano-Biotechnology for Bacteria Identification and Potent Anti-bacterial Properties: A Review of Current State of the Art
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods to Identify Bacteria Species
2.1. Culture Based Bacteria Identification
2.2. PCR-Based Bacterial Identification
2.3. Mass Spectrometry
2.4. Nanomaterials Based Detection
2.5. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
3. Methods to Destroy Bacteria
3.1. Antibiotics
3.2. Nano-Biotechnologies
3.2.1. Polymeric Nanostructures
3.2.2. Noble Metal Nanoparticles
3.2.3. Bacterial Killing by Mechanical Rupture
Mechanism of Action | Nanomaterial | Target | Scope | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antibiofilm activity | Mannose-functionalized chitosan nanosystems | E. coli L. monocytogenes P. aeruginosa S. aureus | Effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. | The biocompatibility of the nanosystems has not been clearly explained. | [140] |
Sustained release of antibiotics | Clindamycin-loaded polymeric particles | MRSA | Antibiotic-loaded NPs accelerate MRSA-infected wounds. | Only applicable for the treatment of topical infections. | [143] |
Teicoplanin-encapsulated aptamer-functionalized PLGA NPs | S. aureus strains | Aptamers provide specificity against S. aureus, while PLGA NPs decrease the MIC value for teicoplanin. | The biocompatibility of the functionalized nanoparticles has not been clearly explained. | [144] | |
PTT/PDT | Thiol chitosan-wrapped gold nanoshells | E. coli P. aeruginosa S. aureus | PTT effectively eradicates both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria within 5 min. | Only applicable for the treatment of topical infections. | [150] |
Thiol-coated gold Nanostars | E. coli S. aureus | Hyperthermia results from PTT kill 99.99% of bacteria. | The biocompatibility of the functionalized nanostars has not been clearly explained and only applicable for the eradication of bacteria from medical devices. | [151] | |
Galactose-modified porphyrin-conjugated gold NPs | P. aeruginosa | Galactose gives the specificity against P. aeruginosa and porphyrin eliminates bacteria via PDT and PTT. | The nanomaterial was able to eradicate only 70% of bacteria (colony count method) and only applicable for the treatment of topical infections. | [154] | |
pH-responsive gold nanoparticles | MRSA biofilm | AuNP aggregation within the biofilm enhanced the photothermal ablation of MRSA. | Only applicable for the treatment of topical infections such as wound in MRSA infection. | [156] | |
Glycoconjugate-coated gold nanorods | E. coli P. aeruginosa | Hyperthermia results from PTT against Gram-negative bacteria. | The higher temperature rise due to the gold nanorods may affect the normal tissues if used for the treatment of bacterial infections. | [160] | |
Gold nanorod-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles | E. coli E. faecalis | Recyclable nanocomposite for repeated photothermal effect. | No in vivo studies were performed to show the safety and efficacy of nanocomposite. | [162] | |
Silver nanoplates | E. coli S. aureus | Anti-bacterial properties and PTT effect synergistically eradicate bacteria. | Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility must be calculated for its real time application in clinical settings. | [166] | |
UCNP/PS (upconversion nanoparticles with photosensitizers) | E. coli S. aureus | PTT and PDT effectively eradicate both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. | The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of the functionalized nanoparticles have not been clearly explained and applicable for only topical application. | [167] | |
Mechanical rupture | ZnO/SiO2 nanowires | E. coli | ZnO/SiO2 nanowires inactivate 99% of E. coli inactivation. | Only effective for Gram-negative bacteria. | [179] |
Gold nanostar-based hydrogel | E. coli P. aeruginosa S. aureus | Nanospikes of gold nanostars rupture the bacterial membrane. | Limited anti-bacterial effect in the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. | [181] | |
NiCo(OH)2CO3 nanowires | Salmonella E. coli P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae | Nanowires mechanically penetrate the bacterial cell envelope. | Only effective for Gram-negative bacteria. | [182] |
4. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Cost | Time | Sensitivity | Specificity | Scope | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Culture | Low | Long | Low | High | Broad range of bacteria can be identified (both Gram-negative and Gram-positive), antibiotic susceptibility can be tested, familiar to most clinical facilities. | Time consuming, susceptible to contamination, low sensitivity for some bacterial species. | [47,48,49,50,51,52] |
PCR | High | Short | High | High | Fast, sensitive, specific, can identify multiple bacteria simultaneously, and can quantify even small number of bacteria in real time. | False positives or negatives due to contamination, unable to differentiate among closely related bacterial strains due to complex bacterial genome sequences. | [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60] |
Mass spectrometry | High | Short | High | High | Sensitive, specific, and can identify broad range of bacteria directly from clinical samples, and can identify bacteria in low concentration. | Limited database coverage, expensive, requires specialized equipment and trained personnel. | [61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] |
Nanomaterial | Low | Short | High | High | Rapid, sensitive, specific, and can detect and quantify bacteria in real-time settings. | Sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, and non-specific aggregation in complex media. | [75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93] |
SERS | Moderate | Short | High | High | Rapid, high sensitivity, and specificity due to unique spectral fingerprint, can identify bacteria in low concentrations, can identify broad range of bacteria in real time directly from clinical samples. | Requires specialized equipment, difficult to interpret spectra without deep-learning algorithms. | [94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116] |
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Kaushal, S.; Priyadarshi, N.; Garg, P.; Singhal, N.K.; Lim, D.-K. Nano-Biotechnology for Bacteria Identification and Potent Anti-bacterial Properties: A Review of Current State of the Art. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 2529. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13182529
Kaushal S, Priyadarshi N, Garg P, Singhal NK, Lim D-K. Nano-Biotechnology for Bacteria Identification and Potent Anti-bacterial Properties: A Review of Current State of the Art. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(18):2529. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13182529
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaushal, Shimayali, Nitesh Priyadarshi, Priyanka Garg, Nitin Kumar Singhal, and Dong-Kwon Lim. 2023. "Nano-Biotechnology for Bacteria Identification and Potent Anti-bacterial Properties: A Review of Current State of the Art" Nanomaterials 13, no. 18: 2529. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13182529