Phosphate Capture Enhancement Using Designed Iron Oxide-Based Nanostructures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Substituents | Adsorption Capacity of Magnetite (mg·g−1) | Adsorption Capacity of Doped Magnetite (mg·g−1) | Increase in the Adsorption Capacity (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | 1.21 | 5.96 | 492 | [4] |
Zinc-aluminum | / | 21.8 | / | [12] |
Magnesium-aluminum | / | 20.0 | / | |
Nickel-aluminum | / | 17.4 | / | |
Silica-lanthanum oxide | 11.02 | 27.8 | 252 | [13] |
Aluminum-doped ferrite | / | 43.9 | / | [14] |
Cobalt ferrite and magnetite | 1.16 | 1.05 | / | [15] |
Fe-Cu binary oxide | 35.2 | / | [16] | |
Fe3O4@C@ZrO2 | 5.2 | 13.99 | / | [17] |
Fe-Zr binary oxide | 5 | 13.65 | / | |
3.2 | 21.3 | / |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis Conditions of Iron Oxide Based RSNs
2.3. Phosphate Adsorption Experiments
2.3.1. Preparation of Phosphates Solutions
2.3.2. Adsorption Experiments
2.4. Characterization Techniques
3. Results
3.1. Optimization of the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanostructures
3.1.1. Reproducibility of RSN Synthesis
3.1.2. Effect of the Commercial Nature of Hexahydrate Iron Chloride(III) Precursor
3.1.3. Discussion on the Synthesis of RSNs
3.2. Optimization of the RSN Synthesis
3.3. Synthesis of Doped Iron Oxide Nanostructures
3.3.1. Doping of RSNs with Zinc (Zn-RSNs)
3.3.2. Doping of RSNs with Cobalt (Co-RSNs)
3.3.3. Doping of RSNs with Aluminum (Al-RSNs)
3.4. Phosphate Removal Using Undoped and Al-Doped Iron Oxide Nanostructures
3.4.1. Phosphate Removal from Undoped and Al-Doped RSN Solutions as a Function of Time
3.4.2. Phosphate Removal from RSN and Al-RSN Solutions as a Function of the Initial Phosphate Concentration
3.4.3. Adsorption Amount
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brand and Lot | Sigma-1 | Alfa Aesar-1 | Alfa-Aesar-2 | Acros Organics-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
RSN size (nm) | 291 ± 52 | 296 ± 35 | 157 ± 42 | ~100 |
TEM nanograin size (nm) | 38 ± 7 | 26 ± 6 | 30 ± 6 | 27 ± 9 |
XRD crystallite size (nm) | 32.4 | 19.9 | 20.2 | 25.4 |
TEM image (scale bar = 1 μm) | | | | |
Iron Precursor | Sigma 1 | Alfa Aesar 1 | Alfa Aesar 2 | Acros Organics 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
RSN diameter (nm) | 291 ± 52 | 296 ± 35 | 157 ± 42 | 100 ± 50 |
Iron amount determined by relaxometry measurements | ||||
Expected iron weight (mg) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Measured iron weight (mg) | 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.93 |
SEM-EDS analysis: Theoretical Fe/Cl = 0.33 and Fe/O = 0.17 | ||||
Fe/Cl | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.44 |
Fe/O FeClx·yH2O | 0.33 FeCl2.86·3H2O | 0.30 FeCl2.78·3.3H2O | 0.38 FeCl2.63·2.6H2O | 0.37 FeCl2.27·2.7H2O |
Gerber et al. (Sample RSN25) | First RSNs (AA2 Precursor) | New RSNs (New Precursor) | |
---|---|---|---|
Size of RSN (nm) | 245 ± 12 | 157 ± 42 | 296 ± 35 |
TEM nanograin size (nm) | 25 ± 3 | 30 ± 6 | 38 ± 10 |
XRD crystallite size (nm) | 15.5 ± 0.2 | 20.2 ± 0.3 | 30 ± 0.2 |
Lattice parameter (Å) | 8.39 ± 0.01 | 8.39 ± 0.01 | 8.40 ± 0.01 |
Saturation magnetization (emu g−1) | 78 | 70 | 90 |
Experimental Conditions | A 3h Mixing, 6h Plateau | B 3 h Mixing, 10.5 h Plateau | C Overnight Mixing, 6 h Plateau | D Overnight Mixing, 10.5 h Plateau |
---|---|---|---|---|
SEM image (scale bar: 100 nm) | | | | |
RSN size (nm) | ~266 | ~317 | ~320 | ~310 |
Nanograin size (nm) | 24 ± 5 | 29 ± 8 | 36 ± 12 | 43 ± 10 |
Lattice parameter (Å) | 8.41 | 8.39 | 8.40 | 8.40 |
Specific surface area (m2 g−1) | 24.2 | 27 | 18.9 | 17.8 |
Pseudo-First-Order | Pseudo-Second-Order | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe (P-mg·g−1) | K1 (h−1) | R² | qe (P-mg·g−1) | K2 (g·P-mg-1·h−1) | R² | |
RSN | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 5.17 ± 0.84 | 0.951 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 5.28 ± 2.18 | 0.996 |
Al-RSN | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 2.04 ± 0.35 | 0.974 | 10.3 ± 0.6 | 0.37 ± 0.18 | 0.942 |
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Ramirez, P.D.; Lee, C.; Fedderwitz, R.; Clavijo, A.R.; Barbosa, D.P.P.; Julliot, M.; Vaz-Ramos, J.; Begin, D.; Le Calvé, S.; Zaloszyc, A.; et al. Phosphate Capture Enhancement Using Designed Iron Oxide-Based Nanostructures. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030587
Ramirez PD, Lee C, Fedderwitz R, Clavijo AR, Barbosa DPP, Julliot M, Vaz-Ramos J, Begin D, Le Calvé S, Zaloszyc A, et al. Phosphate Capture Enhancement Using Designed Iron Oxide-Based Nanostructures. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(3):587. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030587
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamirez, Paula Duenas, Chaedong Lee, Rebecca Fedderwitz, Antonia R. Clavijo, Débora P. P. Barbosa, Maxime Julliot, Joana Vaz-Ramos, Dominique Begin, Stéphane Le Calvé, Ariane Zaloszyc, and et al. 2023. "Phosphate Capture Enhancement Using Designed Iron Oxide-Based Nanostructures" Nanomaterials 13, no. 3: 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030587