PVDF Hybrid Nanocomposites with Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes and Their Thermoresistive and Joule Heating Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Nanocomposites
2.3. Preparation of Test Samples
2.4. Experimental Methods
2.4.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
2.4.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
2.4.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.4.4. Thermoresistive Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structural and Morphological Characterization
3.1.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3.1.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.1.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.2. Thermoresistive Characterization
3.2.1. Thermoresistive Behavior
3.2.2. Heating Elements
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Filler | GNP | MWCNT |
---|---|---|
Trade Name | SE1233 | NC7000 |
Purity, C wt.% | >97 | 90 |
Particle size, D50, μm | <50 | - |
Outer diameter, nm | - | 9.5 |
Inner diameter, nm | - | 5 |
Length, μm | - | 1.5 |
SSA, m2/g | 400–600 | 250–300 |
Shape | 2D | 1D |
Volume Resistivity, Ω.cm | - | 10−4 |
Sample | PVDF wt.% | GNP wt.% | MWCNT wt.% | GNP/MWCNT wt.% |
---|---|---|---|---|
PVDF* | 100 | - | - | - |
PVDF | 100 | - | - | - |
Monofiller composites | ||||
6% GNP/PVDF | 94.0 | 6.0 | - | 6:0 |
6% CNT/PVDF | 94.0 | - | 6.0 | 0:6 |
Hybrid filler composites | ||||
4.5% GNP/1.5% CNT/PVDF | 94.0 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 4.5:1.5 |
3% GNP/3% CNT/PVDF | 94.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0:3.0 |
Composition (Hot-Pressed Samples) | Aα + γ | Aα | Aβ | Aamorph. | Aα,γ,β | Xc % | α + γ % | α % | β % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVDF* | 22,704 | 275 | 139 | 10,037 | 23,118 | 70.6 ± 2.3 | 69.3 ± 2.2 | 0.9 ± 0.10 | 0.4 ± 0.01 |
PVDF | 20,419 | 517 | 71 | 11,460 | 21,008 | 64.7 ± 0.8 | 62.9 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
6% GNP/PVDF | 17,009 | 474 | 1037 | 14,917 | 18,521 | 55.4 ± 0.7 | 50.9 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.03 | 3.1 ± 0.08 |
4.5% GNP/1.5% CNT/PVDF | 10,836 | 90 | 2617 | 19,710 | 13,543 | 40.6 ± 0.5 | 32.5 ±0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 7.8 ± 0.23 |
3% GNP/3% CNT/PVDF | 13,088 | 461 | 3919 | 15,333 | 17,468 | 53.2 ± 1.0 | 39.9 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.10 | 11.9 ± 0.51 |
6% CNT/PVDF | 12,575 | 278 | 4064 | 19,394 | 16,917 | 46.5 ± 4.5 | 34.6 ± 3.6 | 0.7 ± 0.46 | 11.2 ± 0.39 |
Composition | ΔHm [J/g] | Tm1, °C | Tm2, °C | Tc, °C | Xc, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Heating Cycle | |||||
PVDF* | 53.1 | 169.9 | - | 134.5 | 50.7 ± 3.6 |
PVDF | 53.2 | 170.1 | - | 139.7 | 50.8 ± 0.5 |
6% GNP–PVDF | 53.4 | 170.4 | - | 141.6 | 54.3 ± 0.7 |
4.5% GNP–1.5% CNT–PVDF | 46.0 | 170.3 | - | 143.1 | 46.7 ± 0.3 |
3% GNP–3% CNT–PVDF | 52.6 | 169.7 | 174.8 | 144.2 | 53.4 ± 1.3 |
6% CNT–PVDF | 53.5 | 170.9 | 175.7 | 144.5 | 53.5 ± 0.4 |
Second Heating Cycle | |||||
PVDF* | 51.9 | 169.5 | - | 135.7 | 49.6 ± 0.6 |
PVDF | 51.7 | 168.0 | - | 139.9 | 49.4 ± 0.4 |
6% GNP–PVDF | 52.0 | 169.1 | - | 141.6 | 52.8 ± 1.1 |
4.5% GNP–1.5% CNT–PVDF | 48.3 | 169.6 | - | 143.2 | 49.1 ± 0.5 |
3% GNP–3% CNT–PVDF | 50.9 | 169.1 | 172.9 | 144.2 | 51.7 ± 1.4 |
6% CNT–PVDF | 50.2 | 169.5 | 173.8 | 144.5 | 51.0 ± 0.8 |
Sample | Constant Voltage of 8 V (1) | Heat 1 (J) | Constant Voltage of 10 V (2) | Heat 2 (J) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Current (A) | Time (s) | Temperature (°C) | Current (A) | Time (s) | |||
6% GNP–PVDF | 50.6 | 0.12 | 600 | 556.6 | 90.3 | 0.20 | 600 | 1170.0 |
4.5% GNP–1.5% CNT–PVDF | 44.3 | 0.13 | 600 | 643.8 | 105.5 | 0.34 | 600 | 2039.0 |
3% GNP–3% CNT–PVDF | 46.9 | 0.10 | 600 | 459.7 | 77.0 | 0.16 | 600 | 986.0 |
6% CNT–PVDF | 42.5 | 0.08 | 600 | 368.8 | 66.2 | 0.14 | 600 | 892.6 |
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Stoyanova, S.; Ivanov, E.; Hegde, L.R.; Georgopoulou, A.; Clemens, F.; Bedoui, F.; Kotsilkova, R. PVDF Hybrid Nanocomposites with Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes and Their Thermoresistive and Joule Heating Properties. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14110901
Stoyanova S, Ivanov E, Hegde LR, Georgopoulou A, Clemens F, Bedoui F, Kotsilkova R. PVDF Hybrid Nanocomposites with Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes and Their Thermoresistive and Joule Heating Properties. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(11):901. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14110901
Chicago/Turabian StyleStoyanova, Stiliyana, Evgeni Ivanov, Lohitha R. Hegde, Antonia Georgopoulou, Frank Clemens, Fahmi Bedoui, and Rumiana Kotsilkova. 2024. "PVDF Hybrid Nanocomposites with Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes and Their Thermoresistive and Joule Heating Properties" Nanomaterials 14, no. 11: 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14110901