Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis Techniques, Structure and Properties of Ag NPs
2.1. Biological Methods
2.1.1. Plant-Mediated Synthesis
2.1.2. Microbial Synthesis
2.1.3. Bio-Polymer-Mediate
2.1.4. Enzyme Assisted Synthesis
2.2. Chemical Methods
2.2.1. Sol–Gel Method
2.2.2. Hydrothermal Method
2.2.3. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.2.4. Electrochemical Synthesis
2.2.5. Microemulsion Method
2.2.6. Chemical Reduction Method
2.2.7. Polyol Process
2.2.8. Photochemical Reduction
2.3. Physical Methods
2.3.1. Sputtering
2.3.2. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
2.3.3. Laser Ablation
2.3.4. Arc Discharge
2.3.5. Spark Discharge
2.4. Photochemical Synthesis
2.5. Pros and Cons of Different Synthetic Approaches of Ag NPs
2.6. Structure and Properties of Ag NPs
3. Applications of Ag NPs
3.1. Biomedical Applications
3.1.1. Antiseptics
3.1.2. Drug Delivery Systems
3.1.3. Imaging and Diagnostics
3.2. Catalysis and Sensing
3.2.1. Catalytic Converters
3.2.2. Chemical Sensors
3.2.3. Environmental Remediation
3.3. Electronics and Optoelectronics
3.3.1. Conductive Inks
3.3.2. Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
3.3.3. Plasmonic Devices
4. Challenges and Future Perspectives
4.1. Emerging Trends in Ag NPs Research
4.2. Impacts on Environment and Economy
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical reduction |
|
| [14,20,166] |
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) |
|
| [167,168,169,170] |
Microemulsion |
|
| [171,172,173] |
Photochemical reduction |
|
| [14,146,171] |
Electrochemical |
|
| [14,18,71] |
Hydrothermal |
|
| [4,14,18,174,175] |
Microwave assisted |
|
| [176] |
Polyol process |
|
| [113] |
Sol–gel method |
|
| [170,177,178] |
Method | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
---|---|---|---|
PVD (Evaporation/Condensation) |
|
| [26,171,177] |
Sputtering |
|
| [4,124,165,179,180,181] |
Laser ablation |
|
| [13,26,118,165,182] |
Arc discharge |
|
| [116] |
Lithography |
|
| [117,183] |
Synthetic Approaches | Sub-Methods | Size (nm) | Structure | Properties | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological Synthesis | Plant-mediated synthesis | 33.8 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial/ Anti-oxidant | [27] |
25 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [210] | ||
11–26 | Spherical | Photocatalytic | [211] | ||
4–32 | Spherical | Anti-oxidant/Larvicidal | [212] | ||
10–90 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [213] | ||
42.71 ± 17.97 | Spherical | Anti-Cancer | [214] | ||
6–45 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [215] | ||
˂100 | Cubic | Anti-bacterial | [216] | ||
14–24 | Spheroid | Anti-oxidant | [217] | ||
26–39 | Spherical | Anti-microbial/Anti-oxidant/photocatalytic | [218] | ||
Microbial synthesis | 20–50 | Spherical | Optical | [31] | |
40–50 | Spherical | Anti-oxidant/ Antibacterial | [32] | ||
10–60 | Spherical/cubic | Anti-proliferative | [217] | ||
10–30 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [219] | ||
10–40 | Irregular | Anti-bacterial | [220] | ||
8–90 | Spherical | Anti-microbial | [221] | ||
14.0 ± 4.7 | Spherical | Antibacterial | [38] | ||
Bio-Polymer Mediated | 10–50 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [39] | |
Enzyme-assisted Synthesis | 10–20 (TEM)\5–10 (XRD) | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [42] | |
10–50 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [45] | ||
Chemical synthesis | Bromide-mediated Polyol process | 20 | Nanowires (penta-twinned) | Conductive | [52] |
Sol-gel | 7–8 | _ | Catalytic | [57] | |
15–20 | _ | Anti-oxidant | [222] | ||
20 | _ | Optical/ Plasmonic | [59] | ||
Hydro-thermal method | 17.1 ± 5.9 | _ | Anti-bacterial | [60] | |
5 | Spherical | Catalytic | [223] | ||
29 | Spherical | Anti-fungal | [61] | ||
70.70 ± 22–192.02 ± 53 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [224] | ||
23–48 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [225] | ||
7.1 | Quasi-spherical | Anti-viral | [226] | ||
3–10 | Spherical | Catalytic | [74] | ||
Chemical Reduction | 68 | _ | Anti-Microbial | [83] | |
35–80 | Quasi-spherical | Electrical Conductivity | [85] | ||
10–30 | Spherical | Not reported | [227] | ||
10–250 | Spherical | [228] | |||
6.18 ± 5 | _ | Anti-Microbial | [86] | ||
10–100 | Spherical | Optical/Catalytic/Anti-microbial | [229,230] | ||
50–200 (edge-length) | Pyramids | Plasmonic | [19] | ||
Polyol Process | 50–100 | Hexagon | Anti-Microbial | [97] | |
80–150 | Icosahedral | Optical | [104] | ||
420–430 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [103] | ||
35–45 | Oval like Spherical | Photo-catalytic/Anti-bacterial/ Anti-fungal | [106] | ||
79–200 | Spherical | Catalytic | [107] | ||
Physical methods | Sputtering | ˂10 | Wormlike | Catalytic | [122] |
Laser ablation | 20–50 | Spherical | Anti-microbial | [135] | |
17 | Spherical | Physicochemical | [231] | ||
7.5–12 | Spherical | Optical | [232] | ||
25–40 | Spherical | Optical | [233] | ||
Arc discharge | 17 | Spherical | Anti-bacterial | [234] | |
72 | Spherical | Optical | [235] | ||
19 | Cubic | Anti-microbial | [236] | ||
20–30 | Spherical | _ | [237] | ||
Photo-chemical synthesis | 40–220 | Prism/decahedron/ Plate | _ | [238] | |
31.4 ± 1.4 | Triangular plate | Optical | [239] | ||
Aprox.8.6 | Spherical | [240] | |||
0.74–1.12 | Spherical | _ | [241] | ||
4–20 | Rods/polyhedrons/ Spheres | _ | [242] |
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Abbas, R.; Luo, J.; Qi, X.; Naz, A.; Khan, I.A.; Liu, H.; Yu, S.; Wei, J. Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171425
Abbas R, Luo J, Qi X, Naz A, Khan IA, Liu H, Yu S, Wei J. Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(17):1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171425
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbas, Rimsha, Jingjing Luo, Xue Qi, Adeela Naz, Imtiaz Ahmad Khan, Haipeng Liu, Suzhu Yu, and Jun Wei. 2024. "Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications" Nanomaterials 14, no. 17: 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171425