Impact of Nanoparticle Addition on the Surface and Color Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Polymer-Based Provisional Restorations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Size and Grouping According to Materials and Nanoparticle Type and Concentrations
2.2. Preparation of Nanocomposite
2.3. Printing Parameters
2.4. Testing Procedures
2.4.1. Hardness
2.4.2. Surface Roughness (Ra, µm)
2.4.3. Color Stability
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanoparticles | Manufacturer | Description | Surface Treatment | Mixing and Addition |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZrO2NPs | Shanghai Richem International Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China | 0.5% and 1% weight spherical, white, and tetragonal particles (12 ± 3 nm; purity > 99%) | Silane coupling agent (3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate); Shanghai Richem International Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China | NPs powder was meticulously stirred with resin fluid for 30 min to ensure homogeneity |
SiO2NPs | AEROSIL R812; Evonik-Degussa, Essen, Germany |
Material | Manufacturer | |
---|---|---|
NextDent/Printer | NextDent (C&B NextDent, Shade N1, Soesterberg, The Netherlands) | |
NextDent 5100 3D printer (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) | ||
ASIGA/Printer | ASIGA (Asiga DentaTOOTH, Shade A1, ASIGA, Erfurt, Germany) | |
ASIGA MAX printer (Asiga, Alexandria, NSW, Australia) | ||
Printing parameters | printing layer thickness | 50 µm |
printing orientation | 90 degrees | |
post-curing time | 30 min at 80 °C |
Tested Properties | Interaction | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hardness | Intercept | 65,026.748 | 1 | 65,026.748 | 4012.617 | 0.000 * |
NP × concentration | 57.562 | 1 | 57.562 | 3.552 | 0.064 | |
NP × material | 22.770 | 1 | 22.770 | 1.405 | 0.240 | |
concentration × material | 3.630 | 1 | 3.630 | 0.224 | 0.637 | |
NP × concentration × material | 5.222 | 1 | 5.222 | 0.322 | 0.572 | |
Error | 1166.801 | 72 | 16.206 | |||
Total | 66,307.356 | 80 | ||||
Surface roughness Ra (µm) | Intercept | 7.776 | 1 | 7.776 | 2562.904 | 0.000 * |
NP × concentration | 0.002 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.601 | 0.441 | |
NP × material | 0.013 | 1 | 0.013 | 4.153 | 0.045 * | |
concentration × material | 0.002 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.798 | 0.375 | |
NP × concentration × material | 0.000 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.063 | 0.802 | |
Error | 0.218 | 72 | 0.003 | |||
Total | 8.114 | 80 | ||||
ΔE00 | Intercept | 1012.180 | 1 | 1012.180 | 3196.520 | 0.000 * |
NP × concentration | 3.297 | 1 | 3.297 | 10.411 | 0.002 * | |
NP × material | 6.028 | 1 | 6.028 | 19.037 | 0.000 * | |
concentration × material | 0.002 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.943 | |
NP × concentration × material | 1.152 | 1 | 1.152 | 3.638 | 0.060 | |
Error | 22.799 | 72 | 0.317 | |||
Total | 1296.009 | 80 |
Tested Properties | NP | Concentration | ASIGA | NextDent | p-Value |
Hardness (VHN) | ZrO2NP | Pure | 22.3 (3.2) | 23.4 (0.9) | 0.621 |
0.5% | 29.59 (9.1) a | 26.78 (2.7) a | 0.073 | ||
1% | 29.67 (2.3) a | 28.74 (1.4) a | 0.077 | ||
p-value | 0.01 * | 0.000 * | |||
SiO2NP | Pure | 22.3 (3.2) | 23.4 (0.9) | 0.621 | |
0.5% | 29.33 (0.7) a | 29.69 (2.6) a | 0.531 | ||
1% | 27.0 (1.6) a | 27.23 (4.8) a | 0.334 | ||
p-value | <0.001 * | 0.001 * | |||
Surface roughness (Ra, µm) | ZrO2NP | Pure | 0.26 (0.04) | 0.33 (0.08) | 0.032 * |
0.5% | 0.23 (0.03) | 0.33 (0.05) | 0.001 * | ||
1% | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.36 (0.04) | 0.042 * | ||
p-value | 0.119 | 0.395 | |||
SiO2NP | Pure | 0.26 (0.04) | 0.33 (0.08) | 0.032 * | |
0.5% | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.33 (0.03) | 0.044 * | ||
1% | 0.32 (0.09) | 0.34 (0.05) | 0.472 | ||
p-value | 0.058 | 0.92 | |||
Color changes ∆E00 | ZrO2NP | 0.5% | 4.1 (0.4) | 4.3 (0.3) | 0.941 |
1% | 5.8 (0.4) | 5.2 (0.4) | 0.429 | ||
p-value | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | |||
SiO2NP | 0.5% | 1.01 (0.4) | 1.51 (0.5) | 0.040 * | |
1% | 1.14 (0.2) | 1.85 (0.1) | 0.038 * | ||
p-value | 0.430 | 0.051 |
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AlGhamdi, M.A.; Alatiyyah, F.M.; Almedarham, R.F.; Al Dawood, Z.H.; Alshaikhnasser, F.Y.; Alboryh, S.Y.; Khan, S.Q.; Abualsaud, R.; Gad, M.M. Impact of Nanoparticle Addition on the Surface and Color Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Polymer-Based Provisional Restorations. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080665
AlGhamdi MA, Alatiyyah FM, Almedarham RF, Al Dawood ZH, Alshaikhnasser FY, Alboryh SY, Khan SQ, Abualsaud R, Gad MM. Impact of Nanoparticle Addition on the Surface and Color Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Polymer-Based Provisional Restorations. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(8):665. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080665
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlGhamdi, Maram A., Fatimah M. Alatiyyah, Rawan F. Almedarham, Zainab H. Al Dawood, Farah Y. Alshaikhnasser, Shaymaa Y. Alboryh, Soban Q. Khan, Reem Abualsaud, and Mohammed M. Gad. 2024. "Impact of Nanoparticle Addition on the Surface and Color Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Polymer-Based Provisional Restorations" Nanomaterials 14, no. 8: 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080665