Graphene Oxide–PEG–Protocatechuic Acid Nanocomposite Formulation with Improved Anticancer Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
2.2. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis
2.3. HPLC Analysis for Quantification Drug Loading
2.4. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM)
2.5. DLS Analysis
2.6. In Vitro Release Study
2.7. Cytotoxicity Studies on Normal Fibroblast (3T3) Cells
2.8. Anticancer Action against Liver Cancer Cells, HepG2
2.9. Anticancer Action against the Colorectal (Colon) Cancer (HT29) Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Synthesis
4.2.1. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide and GO–PEG
4.2.2. PCA Loading on GO–PEG and Folic Acid Coating
4.2.3. UV/Vis Spectrophotometric Analysis
4.2.4. HPLC Analysis
4.2.5. Physicochemical Characterization
4.2.6. Cell Culture and MTT Cell Viability Assays
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assignment | PCA | FA | GO–PEG–PCA | GO–PEG–PCA–FA |
---|---|---|---|---|
N–H | - | 3542, 3460 | - | 3540, 3400 |
O–H stretching | 3253 | 3319, 3414 | 3223 | 3318 |
C–H aromatic stretching and PEG stretching | 3072 | 3091, 2927 | 2919, 2861 | 3110, 2922, 2869 |
C=O | 1662 | - | 1620 | 1692 |
C=O amide | - | 1688 | - | 1605 |
C=N | - | 1636 | - | 1634 |
Aromatic C–C stretching | 1500–1300 | - | 1500–1300 | 1500–1300 |
C–O–C ether | - | - | 1071 | 1068 |
C–H in plane bending of aromatic ring | 1040 | - | 1000 | 9043 |
C–H bending N–H rocking | 760 | 762 | 703 | 761 |
Type Cells | GO–PEG | PCA | IC50 GO–PEG–PCA | IC50 GO–PEG–PCA–FA | Effective IC50 GO–PEG–PCA | Effective IC50 GO–PEG–PCA–FA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fibroblast cell (3T3) | NCT | NCT | NCT | NCT | NCT | NCT |
colorectal (Colon) cancer cell (HT29) | NCT | 45.67 | 38.65 | 30.56 | 13.94 | 11.02 |
Human liver cancer (HepG2) | NCT | 37.48 | 29.84 | 18.89 | 10.76 | 6.81 |
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Saifullah, B.; Buskaran, K.; Shaikh, R.B.; Barahuie, F.; Fakurazi, S.; Mohd Moklas, M.A.; Hussein, M.Z. Graphene Oxide–PEG–Protocatechuic Acid Nanocomposite Formulation with Improved Anticancer Properties. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8100820
Saifullah B, Buskaran K, Shaikh RB, Barahuie F, Fakurazi S, Mohd Moklas MA, Hussein MZ. Graphene Oxide–PEG–Protocatechuic Acid Nanocomposite Formulation with Improved Anticancer Properties. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(10):820. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8100820
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaifullah, Bullo, Kalaivani Buskaran, Rabia Baby Shaikh, Farahnaz Barahuie, Sharida Fakurazi, Mohd Aris Mohd Moklas, and Mohd Zobir Hussein. 2018. "Graphene Oxide–PEG–Protocatechuic Acid Nanocomposite Formulation with Improved Anticancer Properties" Nanomaterials 8, no. 10: 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8100820