Biomarker Detection in Early Diagnosis of Cancer: Recent Achievements in Point-of-Care Devices Based on Paper Microfluidics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biomarker Detection in Early Diagnosis of Cancer
3. Design and Working Principles of μPADs
3.1. Fabrication Methods of μPADs
3.2. Two-Dimensional (2D) Microfluidics
3.2.1. Printing Methods
3.2.2. Masking Methods
3.2.3. Design-Pattern Methods
3.2.4. Cutting/Shaping Methods
Analyte | Matrix | Fabrication Technique | Substrate | Signal Detection Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFP, CEA CA125 CA153 | Serum | Photolithography | Chromatography Paper | Electrochemical | [55] |
CEA | Serum | Photolithography | Chromatography Paper | Chemiluminescence | [56] |
CEA, NSE | Serum | Wax and Screen Printing | Chromatography Paper | Electrochemical | [57] |
CEA | Serum | Wax Printing | Filter Paper | Electrochemical | [58] |
CEA, PSA | Serum | Wax Printing | Chromatography Paper | Electrochemiluminescence | [59] |
CEA, PSA | Serum | Wax Printing | Chromatography Paper | Fluorimetry | [60] |
Citrate | Urine | Laser Cut | Chromatography Paper | Colorimetric | [61] |
CA 15.3 | Plasma | Inkjet Printing | Photographic Paper | Chronoamperometry | [62] |
CEA | Serum | Manual | Colorimetric | [63] | |
MCF-7 | Tumor Cell | Wax Printing | Chromatography Paper | Electrochemiluminescence | [64] |
PSA | Serum | Wax Printing | Chromatography Paper | Voltammetry | [62] |
3.3. Three-Dimensional (3D) Microfluidics
3.4. Paper Pretreatment and Modification for Biofunctionality
4. Signal Detection Techniques
4.1. Electrochemical
4.2. Colorimetric
4.3. Fluorescence
4.4. Other Techniques
5. Application of μPADs in the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
5.1. Detection of Protein Biomarkers
5.2. Detection of Nucleic Acid Biomarkers (Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) and microRNA (miRNA))
Analyte | Cancer Types | Bioreceptor | Fabrication Technique | Detection Technique/Signal | Surface Chemistry | Linear Range | LOD | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CEA and NSE | Lung | CEA and NSE aptamers | Wax printing and screen printing | Label-free electrochemical detection/DPV | Amino functional graphene (NG)–Thionin (THI)–gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Prussian blue (PB)–poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)–AuNPs nanocomposites | Linearity in ranges of 0.01–500 ng mL−1 for CEA (R2 = 0.989) and 0.05–500 ng mL−1 for NSE (R2 = 0.944), | 2.0 pg mL−1 for CEA and 10 pg mL−1 for NSE. | [57] |
CEA, AFP, CA125, and CA19-9 | Colorectal cancer | Anti-CEA, AFP, CA125, and CA19-9 Antibody | photolithography | Colorimetric method/chemiluminescent | Secondary antibody labeled with HRP, Luminol | - | 0.89 ng mL−1 for CEA, 1.72 ng mL−1 for AFP, 3.62 U mL−1 for CA125 and 1.05 U mL−1 for CA19-9 | [123] |
CEA | Lung and other | Anti-CEA Antibody | Wax printing and screen printing | Label-free electrochemical detection/DPV | NH2-G/Thi/AuNPs nanocomposites | 50 pg mL−1 to 500 ng mL−1 | 10 pg mL−1 | [58] |
AFP | Liver | Anti-AFP antibodies | Photolithography | Labelled electrochemical detection/SWV | rGO-TEPA/Au nanocomposite | 0.01–100.0 ng mL−1 | 0.005 ng mL−1 | [122] |
EGFR | Lung and other | Anti-EGRF aptamer | Wax printing and screen printing | Label-free electrochemical detection/DPV | NH2-GO/THI/AuNP nanocomposite | 0.05 to 200 ngmL−1 (R2 = 0.989) | 5.0 pgmL−1 | [122] |
NSE | Lung | Anti-AFP antibodies | Wax printing and screen printing | Wireless point-of-care testing (POCT) system with electrochemical/DPV | NH2-G/Thi/AuNPs nanocomposite | 1.0 ng mL−1 to 500 ng mL−1 | 10 pg mL−1 | [117] |
VEGF-C | - | Anti-VEGF antibody | Wax printing and screen printing | Label-free electrochemical detection/DPV and CV | The NMB/SWCNT/AuNPs three-in-one nanocomplex | 0.01–100 ng/mL | 10 pg/mL | [120] |
PSA | Prostate | Anti-PSA aptamer | Wax printing and screen printing | Label-free electrochemical/DPV | AuNPs/rGO/THI nanocomposites | 0.05 to 200 ng mL−1 | 10 pg mL−1 | [62] |
CA 15-3 | Breast | Anti-CA 15-3 antibodies | Inkjet printing / electrodeposition | Electrochemical detection/ChA | Ag/RGO nano-ink and CysA/Au NPs | 15–125 U/mL | 15 U/mL | [121] |
CA 125 | Ovarian | Anti-CA 125 antibody | Inkjet printing/electrodeposition | Electrochemical detection/ChA | Ag/RGO nano-ink and CysA/Au NPs | 0.78–400 U/mL. | 0.78 U/mL | [88] |
AFP and CEA | Hepatocellular carcinoma and Colorectal | Anti-CEA and AFP antibody | layer-by-layer assembly and screen-printing | Electrochemical detection/impedimetric | - | - | 102 ng mL−1 | [118] |
Cancer cells of A549 and HeLa | Lung and Cervical | MiRNA-21 and miRNA-3 | Wax printing | Colorimetric method/laser-induced fluorescence | Taqman probes | - | 0.20 ve 0.50 fM | [107] |
MCF-7, HL-60, and K562 cancer cells | Breast and leukemia | MSNs/QDs-labeled aptamers | Wax patterning | Colorimetric method/laser-induced fluorescence | QDs, MSNs/QDs and MSNs/QDs–DNA | 180 to 8 × 107, 210 to 7 × 107, 200 to 7 × 107cells mL−1 | 6270 and 65 cells mL−1 | [108] |
AFP | Liver, ovaries, or testicles | Primary antibodies (Ab1) and secondary antibodies (Ab2) | Wax patterning | Colorimetric method with LIF detection/laser-induced fluorescence | Hairpin strand-FAM | 2.5–1000 pg/mL | 1.0 pg/mL. | [109] |
Trx-1 | Breast | Anti-Trx-1 antibody-conjugated with HRP | Stacking layers/cutting | Colorimetric method/optic | AgNP and Teflon ink | 0–200 ng/mL | - | [116] |
miRNA 155 (miR-155) and 21 (miR-21) | - | Nucleic Acid Sequences | Wax and screen printing | Colorimetric method/fluorescence | QD-labeled probes, EXPAR template of miR-21, EXPAR template of miR-150. | 3 × 105 to 3 × 108 copies | 3 × 106 copies | [128] |
miRNA-21 (human urine sample) | - | ssDNA template sequence | Cutting | Colorimetric method/optic | DNA–Ag/Pt NCs | 1.0–700 pM | 0.6 pM. | [130] |
miRNA-21 and FR | Breast | Hairpin DNA Sequences | Wax printing | Colorimetric method/fluorescence | Au nanoflowers (AuFLs) and MnO2 nanosheets | For miRNA-21 0.01 to 5.0 fM For FR 2.0 to 30 ng/mL | For miRNA: 0.0033 fM; for FR: 0.667 ng/mL | [129] |
CEA | - | Anti-CEA antibodies | Photoresist-coated | Colorimetric method/chemiluminescent | Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled CEA antibody | 1.0–80 ng mL−1 | - | [56] |
6. Smartphone Diagnosis and Telemedicine
7. Challenges and Future Prospects
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Asci Erkocyigit, B.; Ozufuklar, O.; Yardim, A.; Guler Celik, E.; Timur, S. Biomarker Detection in Early Diagnosis of Cancer: Recent Achievements in Point-of-Care Devices Based on Paper Microfluidics. Biosensors 2023, 13, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030387
Asci Erkocyigit B, Ozufuklar O, Yardim A, Guler Celik E, Timur S. Biomarker Detection in Early Diagnosis of Cancer: Recent Achievements in Point-of-Care Devices Based on Paper Microfluidics. Biosensors. 2023; 13(3):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030387
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsci Erkocyigit, Bilge, Ozge Ozufuklar, Aysenur Yardim, Emine Guler Celik, and Suna Timur. 2023. "Biomarker Detection in Early Diagnosis of Cancer: Recent Achievements in Point-of-Care Devices Based on Paper Microfluidics" Biosensors 13, no. 3: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030387