Recent Developments in Personal Glucose Meters as Point-of-Care Testing Devices (2020–2024)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Signal Transduction Strategies for Non-Glucose Target Analysis
2.1. Enzymatic Transduction
2.2. Nanocarrier Transduction
2.2.1. Enzyme
2.2.2. Glucose
2.3. Glucose Consumption Transduction
3. Application of PGM in Non-Glucose Target Analysis
3.1. Biomedical Analysis
3.2. Food Analysis
3.3. Environmental Analysis
3.4. Other Applications of PGM
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analytes/Real Sample | Signal Transduction Strategies | Limit of Detection | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
MiRNA155/Human serum | Enzymatic transduction | 0.36 fM | 1 fM–10 nM | [34] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Medical apparatus | Enzymatic transduction | 36 cfu/mL | 100–1.00 × 107 cfu/mL | [35] |
Exosomes | Nanocarrier transduction | / | 103−106 particles/μL | [36] |
MiRNA-21/Commercial serum samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 2.32 pM | 10 pM–100 nM | [37] |
Carcinoembryonic antigen/Serum sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.28 ng/mL | 2–200 ng/mL | [38] |
Troponin I/Human serum sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.001 ng/mL | 0.002–250 ng/mL | [39] |
DNA adenine methyltransferase/Human serum | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.001 U/mL | 0.001–5.0 U/mL | [40] |
SARS-CoV-2 N-gene and PCB77/Human serum and water samples | Nanocarrier transduction | N-gene: 2.6 fM PCB77: 3.2 × 10−5 μg/L | N-gene: 10 fM–1.0 nM PCB77: 1.0 × 10−4–1.0 μg/L | [41] |
Prostate cancer antigen 3/Urine | Nanocarrier transduction | / | 5–100 pM | [42] |
MiRNA-21/Urine of mice | Nanocarrier transduction | 68.08 fM | 100 fM–1 pM | [43] |
MiRNA21 and miRNA205/Human serum | Nanocarrier transduction | miRNA21: 2.4 pM miRNA205: 1.1 pM | miRNA21: 10 pM–100 nM | [44] |
Alpha-fetoprotein/Serum samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 10 ng/mL | 0.01–100 μg/mL | [45] |
SARS-CoV-2 RNA/Human serum, plasma, and saliva | Glucose consumption | 27 pM | 0–1.28 nM | [31] |
Pheochromocytoma 12 cell/peripheral circulating blood | Glucose consumption | 3 cells/mL | 4–105 cells/mL | [46] |
Nucleocapsid protein gene of SARS-CoV-2 | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.15 pM | / | [47] |
Human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7 mRNA/Cervical swab samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 5 fM | 5 fM–10 pM | [48] |
mecA gene in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus/Serum from neonatal infection patients | Nanocarrier transduction | 2 CFU/mL | 10–1 × 104 CFU/mL | [49] |
Horseradish latent virus cloned DNA plasmids/plant lysates | Enzymatic transduction | 9.9 copies/μL | 100–106 copies/μL | [50] |
Thrombin/serum samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.04 U/mL | 0–0.8 U/mL | [51] |
Anti-digoxin antibody, thrombin, and anti-HCV antibody/human serum | Nanocarrier transduction | 26.1 pM for digoxin antibody, 78.3 pM for thrombin, 61.6 pM for HCV-Ab | 0–5 nM for digoxin antibody, 0–5 nM for thrombin, 0–5 nM for HCV-Ab | [52] |
Candida albicans/urine | Enzymatic transduction | / | / | [53] |
SARS-CoV-2/throat swab samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 10 copies/μL | 10–104 copies/μL | [54] |
T4 polynucleotide kinase/human serum | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.01 U/mL | 0.01–0.5 U/mL | [55] |
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/human serum | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.6 pg/mL | 1.0–1000.0 pg/mL | [56] |
Hydrogen peroxide/tissue specimens | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.1 μM | 0.5–50 μM | [57] |
MicroRNA-21/cell samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 3.3 aM | 10 fM–10 nM | [58] |
DNA/serum sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 4.02 pM | 0.1–1000 nM | [59] |
Staphylococcus Aureus | Nanocarrier transduction | 67 cfu/mL | 102−106 cfu/mL | [60] |
The nucleocapsid phosphoprotein gene of SARS CoV-2/fetal bovine serum | Nanocarrier transduction | 98 pM | 0.1–20 nM | [61] |
Prostate-specific antigen | Nanocarrier transduction | 10 fg/mL | 10 fg/mL–0.10 g/mL | [62] |
Amyloid β oligomer/human serum and artificial cerebrospinal fluid samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.22 pM | 1 pM–250 pM | [63] |
MicroRNA-21/serum sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 7 pM | 0–1 nM | [64] |
Staphylococcus aureus/serum sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 4.36 fM | / | [65] |
MicroRNA-21/serum sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 2.54 fM | / | [66] |
MicroRNA/peripheral blood of rats | Nanocarrier transduction | 329 aM | 1 fM–100 pM | [67] |
MicroRNA-21/serum sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 5 pM | 25–3000 pM | [68] |
Carcinoembryonic antigen and human alpha fetoprotein antigen/human serum samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 41.55 fg/mL for carcinoembryonic antigen; 14.28 fg/mL for alpha fetoprotein antigen | 100.0 fg/mL–10.0 ng/mL for carcinoembryonic antigen; 100.0 fg/mL–10.0 ng/mL for alpha fetoprotein antigen | [69] |
Rabies virus RNA/mouse brain tissue and muscle tissue samples | Nanocarrier transduction | 6.3 copies/μL | / | [70] |
Human immunodeficiency virus gene fragment/human serum and Hela cell lysate | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.46 pM | 2.5–75 pM | [71] |
Cadmium, lead, and zinc | Enzymatic transduction | / | / | [72] |
Exosomes | Nanocarrier transduction | 54 particles/L | 80–1.00 × 106 particles/L | [73] |
MicroRNA (let-7a)/serum sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 48 pM | 0.05–100 nM | [74] |
Analytes/Real Sample | Signal Transduction Strategies | Limit of Detection | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaline phosphatase/Fresh milk | Enzymatic transduction | 0.13 U/μL | 0.33–3.33 U/μL | [16] |
Staphylococcus aureus/Peach juice, milk and water samples | Enzymatic transduction | 2 cfu/mL | 3–3 × 103 cfu/mL | [78] |
Norfloxacin/Animal-derived foods | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.5 ng/mL | 0.5–500 ng/mL | [79] |
Escherichia coli O157:H7/Milk sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 10 cfu/mL | 10–107 cfu/mL | [80] |
Salmonella/Milk sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 5 cfu/reaction | 1–1 × 103 cfu/reaction | [4] |
Ampicillin/Milk sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 2.5 × 10−10 mol/L | 2.5 × 10−10–1.0 × 10−7 mol/L | [81] |
Escherichia coli O157:H7/Milk sample | Nanocarrier transduction | 10 cfu/mL | 10–107 cfu/mL | [82] |
Ochratoxin A/Red wine | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.88 pg/mL | 1 pg/mL–300 ng/mL | [83] |
Hg2+/Tap water and lake water | Glucose consumption | 3.69 nM | 5–30 nM | [84] |
Cu2+/Tap water | Nanocarrier transduction | 10 nM | 0.01–5 μM | [85] |
Ag+ | Enzymatic transduction | 4.6 μM | 5–70 μM | [86] |
Bacteria genes | Nanocarrier transduction | less than 100 molecular copies | / | [87] |
Patulin/apple juice and grape juice | Nanocarrier transduction | 0.05 ng/mL | 0.1–50 ng/mL | [88] |
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus/tap water | Nanocarrier transduction | Escherichia coli (3 cfu/mL); Staphylococcus aureus (7.59 × 102 cfu/mL) | Escherichia coli (1.00 × 102–1.00 × 107 cfu/mL); Staphylococcus aureus (1.00 × 103–1.00 × 107 cfu/mL) | [89] |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Yang, D.-N.; Geng, S.; Jing, R.; Zhang, H. Recent Developments in Personal Glucose Meters as Point-of-Care Testing Devices (2020–2024). Biosensors 2024, 14, 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090419
Yang D-N, Geng S, Jing R, Zhang H. Recent Developments in Personal Glucose Meters as Point-of-Care Testing Devices (2020–2024). Biosensors. 2024; 14(9):419. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090419
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Dan-Ni, Shan Geng, Rong Jing, and Hao Zhang. 2024. "Recent Developments in Personal Glucose Meters as Point-of-Care Testing Devices (2020–2024)" Biosensors 14, no. 9: 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090419