Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Molecules to Organs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Raman Scattering Applications for Cardiac Studies
2.1. Principle of Raman Scattering
2.2. Raman Imaging Applications
2.2.1. Raman Spectroscopy for Cardiac Biomarker Detection
Cardiac Biomarkers
2.2.2. Raman Spectroscopy for Cardiac Cells and Cardiac Stem Cells
2.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy for Cardiac Tissues
2.2.4. Raman Spectroscopy for Whole Heart (Organ)
3. Challenges and Future Perspective
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Types | Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Biomarkers | cTnI | Detection of cTnI molecules after 3–4 h of stroke with ~1.3 ng/mL concentration. cTnI is adsorbed onto AgNPs to generate LSPR enhanced Raman signals. | [31] |
Myoglobin, cTnI, and CK-MB | LFA on paper microfluidics by immobilizing NPs encapsulated with Raman dyes. LOD for myoglobin was 50 ng/mL, cTnI and CK-MB were 10 ng/mL. | [32] | |
Myoglobin | SERS-based myoglobin sensor based on Ag NPT/ITO substrate. LOD was 10 ng/mL. | [23] | |
Cardiac cells |
| Confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to study cell cytology. CMhiPSCs displayed cardiomyocyte-like colonies. rCMadult displayed elongated rod-like shapes and sarcomeres. | [33] |
Cardiomyocytes from rat | Raman spectrometer coupled with a charge-coupled device (CCD) of the camera was used to visualize, image, map, and collect the Raman spectra of the cells. | [34] | |
Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) was used to evaluate NO release at the single-cell level. | [35] | ||
hESCs differentiated into cardiomyocytes | Raman microspectroscopy was used to study the fate of cardiomyocytes and acquire spectra from the beating embryoid bodies. | [36] | |
Cardiomyocytes | Raman microspectroscopy was used to identify redox mitochondrial states and create a map to distinguish between rod- and round-shaped cardiomyocytes. | [37] | |
Tissues | Subepicardial myocardial tissue | Raman microscopy was used for label-free evaluation of mitochondrial membrane and reduced cytochromes in early myocardial ischemic phase. | [38] |
Ischemic myocardial tissue | Label-free Raman spectroscopy was used to study infarcted and noninfarcted regions from five patients who suffered a stroke. | [39] | |
Myocardium infarcted tissue | Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the five sequential stages of myocardial infarcted tissue. | [40] | |
In vivo | Atherosclerosis | SERRS was used to study aortic sinus tissues by tagging with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) protein attached to gold nanoparticles. | [10] |
Ex vivo | Atherosclerosis | Spontaneous and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) was used to study healthy and diseased tissues from biopsies of human gastrocnemius peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and control groups. | [41] |
Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate lipid (cholesterol) and calcium salt content in human peripheral arteries. | [42] | ||
Raman spectroscopy was used to acquire spectra from skeletal muscle of PAD versus control. | [43] | ||
Raman spectroscopy was used to study stenotic aortic valves to monitor mineral deposits, and cholesterol and lipid levels. | [44,45] | ||
SERS was used to identify plaques in blocked arteries. | [10] | ||
Raman spectroscopy was used to study cardiovascular calcification. | [46] | ||
Whole heart | Raman spectroscopy was used to study the reduction state of mitochondrial cytochromes and myoglobin oxygenation at infarct sites of whole rat hearts. | [47] | |
Raman confocal microscope integrated with a slit-scanning apparatus was used to acquire spectra from whole rat hearts. | [48] |
Marker | <6 h | 6–12 h | 12–24 h | 24–48 h | >48 h |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myoglobin | + + + | + | - | - | - |
Troponin I | + | + + | + + + | + + + | + + + |
Troponin T | + | + + | + + + | + + + | + + + |
CK-MB | + | + + | + + + | - | - |
MB-isoforms | + + | + + + | + | - | - |
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Chaichi, A.; Prasad, A.; Gartia, M.R. Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Molecules to Organs. Biosensors 2018, 8, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios8040107
Chaichi A, Prasad A, Gartia MR. Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Molecules to Organs. Biosensors. 2018; 8(4):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios8040107
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaichi, Ardalan, Alisha Prasad, and Manas Ranjan Gartia. 2018. "Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Molecules to Organs" Biosensors 8, no. 4: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios8040107