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Volume 10
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10.3390/antibiotics10040393
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Review

Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Infections: Global Emerging Threats, Predicting the Near Future

by
Alessandra Romandini
1,
Arianna Pani
2,
Paolo Andrea Schenardi
1,
Giulia Angela Carla Pattarino
3,
Costantino De Giacomo
3,*,† and
Francesco Scaglione
2,†
1
Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
2
Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
3
Maternal and Infantile Department of Pediatrics, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20122 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
The authors equally contributed to this paper.
Antibiotics 2021, 10(4), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040393
Submission received: 3 March 2021 / Revised: 30 March 2021 / Accepted: 3 April 2021 / Published: 6 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Antimicrobial Resistance: What Are the Current Emerging Threats?)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is a public health threat of the utmost importance, especially when it comes to children: according to WHO data, infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria produce 700,000 deaths across all ages, of which around 200,000 are newborns. This surging issue has multipronged roots that are specific to the pediatric age. For instance, the problematic overuse and misuse of antibiotics (for wrong diagnoses and indications, or at wrong dosage) is also fueled by the lack of pediatric-specific data and trials. The ever-evolving nature of this age group also poses another issue: the partly age-dependent changes of a developing system of cytochromes determine a rather diverse population in terms of biochemical characteristics and pharmacokinetics profiles, hard to easily codify in an age- or weight-dependent dosage. The pediatric population is also penalized by the contraindications of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, and by congenital malformations which often require repeated hospitalizations and pharmacological and surgical treatments from a very young age. Emerging threats for the pediatric age are MRSA, VRSA, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and the alarming colistin resistance. Urgent actions need to be taken in order to step back from a now likely post-antibiotic era, where simple infections might cause infant death once again.
Keywords: multidrug resistance; antibiotics; antibiotic resistance; childhood; infections; antimicrobial stewardship multidrug resistance; antibiotics; antibiotic resistance; childhood; infections; antimicrobial stewardship

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Romandini, A.; Pani, A.; Schenardi, P.A.; Pattarino, G.A.C.; De Giacomo, C.; Scaglione, F. Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Infections: Global Emerging Threats, Predicting the Near Future. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040393

AMA Style

Romandini A, Pani A, Schenardi PA, Pattarino GAC, De Giacomo C, Scaglione F. Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Infections: Global Emerging Threats, Predicting the Near Future. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(4):393. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040393

Chicago/Turabian Style

Romandini, Alessandra, Arianna Pani, Paolo Andrea Schenardi, Giulia Angela Carla Pattarino, Costantino De Giacomo, and Francesco Scaglione. 2021. "Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Infections: Global Emerging Threats, Predicting the Near Future" Antibiotics 10, no. 4: 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040393

APA Style

Romandini, A., Pani, A., Schenardi, P. A., Pattarino, G. A. C., De Giacomo, C., & Scaglione, F. (2021). Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Infections: Global Emerging Threats, Predicting the Near Future. Antibiotics, 10(4), 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040393

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