Journal Description
Antibiotics
Antibiotics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all aspects of antibiotics, published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Pharmacology and Pharmacy) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics )
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.3 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
A Cyclic Peptide Based on Pheasant Cathelicidin Inhibits Influenza A H1N1 Virus Infection
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070606 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Influenza viruses are the leading cause of upper respiratory tract infections, leading to several global pandemics and threats to public health. Due to the continuous mutation of influenza A viruses, there is a constant need for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. Recently,
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Influenza viruses are the leading cause of upper respiratory tract infections, leading to several global pandemics and threats to public health. Due to the continuous mutation of influenza A viruses, there is a constant need for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. Recently, natural antimicrobial peptides have provided an opportunity for the discovery of anti-influenza molecules. Here, we designed several peptides based on pheasant cathelicidin and tested their antiviral activities and mechanisms against the H1N1 virus. Of note, the designed peptides Pc-4 and Pc-5 were found to inhibit replication of the H1N1 virus with an IC50 = 8.14 ± 3.94 µM and 2.47 ± 1.95 µM, respectively. In addition, the cyclic peptide Pc-5 was found to induce type I interferons and the expression of interferon-induced genes. An animal study showed that the cyclic peptide Pc-5 effectively inhibited H1N1 virus infection in a mouse model. Taken together, our work reveals a strategy for designing cyclic peptides and provides novel molecules with therapeutic potential against influenza A virus infection.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Peptides and Their Derivatives)
Open AccessArticle
Essential Oils from Southern Italian Aromatic Plants Synergize with Antibiotics against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis Cell Growth and Biofilm Formation
by
Giada Sena, Elisabetta De Rose, Michele Crudo, Gianfranco Filippelli, Giuseppe Passarino, Dina Bellizzi and Patrizia D’Aquila
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070605 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has prompted the development of novel approaches to identify molecules that synergize with antibiotics to enhance their efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ten Essential Oils (EOs) on the activity of nine antibiotics in influencing
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The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has prompted the development of novel approaches to identify molecules that synergize with antibiotics to enhance their efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ten Essential Oils (EOs) on the activity of nine antibiotics in influencing growth and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The effects of the EOs alone and in combination with antibiotics on both bacterial growth and biofilm formation were analyzed by measuring the MIC values through the broth microdilution method and the crystal violet assay, respectively. All EOs inhibited the growth of E. coli (1.25 ≤ MIC ≤ 5 mg/mL) while the growth of P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis was only affected by EOs from Origanum vulgare, (MIC = 5 mg/mL) and O. vulgare (MIC = 1.25 mg/mL) and Salvia rosmarinus (MIC = 5 mg/mL), respectively. In E. coli, most EOs induced a four- to sixteen-fold reduction in the MIC values of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and streptomycin, while in E. faecalis such a reduction is observed in combinations of ciprofloxacin with C. nepeta, C. bergamia, C. limon, C. reticulata, and F. vulgare, of gentamicin with O. vulgare, and of tetracycline with C. limon and O. vulgare. A smaller effect was observed in P. aeruginosa, in which only C. bergamia reduced the concentration of tetracycline four-fold. EO-antibiotic combinations also inhibit the biofilm formation. More precisely, all EOs with ciprofloxacin in E. coli, tetracycline in P. aeruginosa, and gentamicin in E. faecalis showed the highest percentage of inhibition. Combinations induce up- and down-methylation of cytosines and adenines compared to EO or antibiotics alone. The study provides evidence about the role of EOs in enhancing the action of antibiotics by influencing key processes involved in resistance mechanisms such as biofilm formation and epigenetic changes. Synergistic interactions should be effectively considered in dealing with pathogenic microorganisms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in Microbial Biofilms)
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Open AccessArticle
Exploring Weissella confusa W1 and W2 Strains Isolated from Khao-Mahk as Probiotic Candidates: From Phenotypic Traits to Genomic Insights
by
Ei Phway Thant, Komwit Surachat, Sarunyou Chusri, Chonticha Romyasamit, Rattanaruji Pomwised, Monwadee Wonglapsuwan, Thunchanok Yaikhan, Sirikan Suwannasin and Kamonnut Singkhamanan
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070604 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Growing interest in probiotics has spurred research into their health benefits for hosts. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties, especially antibacterial activities and the safety of two Weissella confusa strains, W1 and W2, isolated from Khao-Mahk by describing their phenotypes and
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Growing interest in probiotics has spurred research into their health benefits for hosts. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties, especially antibacterial activities and the safety of two Weissella confusa strains, W1 and W2, isolated from Khao-Mahk by describing their phenotypes and genotypes through phenotypic assays and whole genome sequencing. In vitro experiments demonstrated that both strains exhibited robust survival under gastric and intestinal conditions, such as in the presence of low pH, bile salt, pepsin, and pancreatin, indicating their favorable gut colonization traits. Additionally, both strains showed auto-aggregation and strong adherence to Caco2 cells, with adhesion rates of 86.86 ± 1.94% for W1 and 94.74 ± 2.29% for W2. These high adherence rates may be attributed to the significant exopolysaccharide (EPS) production observed in both strains. Moreover, they exerted remarkable antimicrobial activities against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and Acinetobacter baumannii, along with an absence of hemolytic activities and antibiotic resistance, underscoring their safety for probiotic application. Genomic analysis corroborated these findings, revealing genes related to probiotic traits, including EPS clusters, stress responses, adaptive immunity, and antimicrobial activity. Importantly, no transferable antibiotic-resistance genes or virulence genes were detected. This comprehensive characterization supports the candidacy of W1 and W2 as probiotics, offering substantial potential for promoting health and combating bacterial infections.
Full article
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Open AccessReview
Current View on Major Natural Compounds Endowed with Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects
by
Roberto Arrigoni, Andrea Ballini, Emilio Jirillo and Luigi Santacroce
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070603 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Nowadays, infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origins represent a serious medical problem worldwide. In fact, the development of antibiotic resistance is responsible for the emergence of bacterial strains that are refractory even to new classes of antibiotics. Furthermore, the recent COVID-19 pandemic
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Nowadays, infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origins represent a serious medical problem worldwide. In fact, the development of antibiotic resistance is responsible for the emergence of bacterial strains that are refractory even to new classes of antibiotics. Furthermore, the recent COVID-19 pandemic suggests that new viruses can emerge and spread all over the world. The increase in infectious diseases depends on multiple factors, including malnutrition, massive migration of population from developing to industrialized areas, and alteration of the human microbiota. Alternative treatments to conventional antibiotics and antiviral drugs have intensively been explored. In this regard, plants and marine organisms represent an immense source of products, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, lanthipeptides, and terpenoids, which possess antibacterial and antiviral activities. Their main mechanisms of action involve modifications of bacterial cell membranes, with the formation of pores, the release of cellular content, and the inhibition of bacterial adherence to host cells, as well as of the efflux pump. Natural antivirals can interfere with viral replication and spreading, protecting the host with the enhanced production of interferon. Of note, these antivirals are not free of side effects, and their administration to humans needs more research in terms of safety. Preclinical research with natural antibacterial and antiviral compounds confirms their effects against bacteria and viruses, but there are still only a few clinical trials. Therefore, their full exploitation and more intensive clinical studies represent the next steps to be pursued in this area of medicine.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Antimicrobials in Biomedical Engineering: Recent Advances Proposal)
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Open AccessArticle
Unraveling the Microbial Symphony: Impact of Antibiotics and Probiotics on Infant Gut Ecology and Antibiotic Resistance in the First Six Months of Life
by
Qi Qi, Liang Wang, Yingze Zhu, Shaoru Li, Mitslal Abrha Gebremedhin, Baozhu Wang, Zhonghai Zhu and Lingxia Zeng
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070602 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
We aimed to examine the effects of antibiotic and probiotic usage on the gut microbiota structure and the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in infants during the first six months of life. Questionnaires and fecal samples were collected within three days of birth,
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We aimed to examine the effects of antibiotic and probiotic usage on the gut microbiota structure and the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in infants during the first six months of life. Questionnaires and fecal samples were collected within three days of birth, two months, and six months to assess antibiotic and probiotic exposure. Gut microbiotas were sequenced via 16S rRNA, and ARGs were conducted by qPCR, including beta-lactam (mecA, blaTEM), tetracycline (tetM), fluoroquinolone (qnrS), aminoglycoside (aac(6′)-Ib), and macrolide (ermB). Infants were categorized by antibiotic and probiotic usage and stratified by delivery mode, microbial composition, and ARG abundances were compared, and potential correlations were explored. A total of 189 fecal samples were analyzed in this study. The gut microbiota diversity (Chao1 index) was significantly lower in the “only probiotics” (PRO) group compared to the “neither antibiotics nor probiotics” (CON) group at six months for the CS stratification (p = 0.029). Compositionally, the abundance of core genus Bifidobacterium_pseudocatenulatum was less abundant for the antibiotic during delivery (IAP) group than that in the CON group within the first three days (p = 0.009), while core genus Enterococcus_faecium was more abundant in the PRO than that in the CON group (p = 0.021) at two months. ARGs were highly detected, with Enterococcus hosting tetM and Escherichia associated with blaTEM within three days of birth, though no correlation was found between Bifidobacterium and ARGs. These findings emphasized the critical importance of carefully managing antibiotic and probiotic exposures in early life, with implications for promoting lifelong health through preserving a healthy infant gut ecosystem.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics and Probiotics: What Is the Effect on the Gut?)
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Open AccessArticle
Risk Factors for 30-Day Mortality in Nosocomial Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections
by
Verena Zerbato, Riccardo Pol, Gianfranco Sanson, Daniel Alexandru Suru, Eugenio Pin, Vanessa Tabolli, Jacopo Monticelli, Marina Busetti, Dan Alexandru Toc, Lory Saveria Crocè, Roberto Luzzati and Stefano Di Bella
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070601 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Enterococci commonly cause nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs), and the global incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) BSIs is rising. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for enterococcal BSIs and 30-day mortality, stratified by Enterococcus species, vancomycin resistance, and treatment appropriateness. We conducted
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Enterococci commonly cause nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs), and the global incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) BSIs is rising. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for enterococcal BSIs and 30-day mortality, stratified by Enterococcus species, vancomycin resistance, and treatment appropriateness. We conducted a retrospective cohort study (2014–2021) including all hospitalized adult patients with at least one blood culture positive for Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus faecium. We included 584 patients with enterococcal BSI: 93 were attributed to vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. The overall 30-day mortality was 27.5%; higher in cases of BSI due to vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (36.6%) and vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium (31.8%) compared to E. faecalis BSIs (23.2%) (p = 0.016). This result was confirmed by multivariable Cox analysis. Independent predictors of increased mortality included the PITT score, complicated bacteremia, and age (HR = 1.269, p < 0.001; HR = 1.818, p < 0.001; HR = 1.022, p = 0.005, respectively). Conversely, male gender, consultation with infectious disease (ID) specialists, and appropriate treatment were associated with reduced mortality (HR = 0.666, p = 0.014; HR = 0.504, p < 0.001; HR = 0.682, p = 0.026, respectively). In conclusion, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium bacteremia is independently associated with a higher risk of 30-day mortality.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship and Use in Healthcare Setting)
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Open AccessArticle
Development and ELISA Characterization of Antibodies against the Colistin, Vancomycin, Daptomycin, and Meropenem: A Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Approach
by
Vivian Garzon, J.-Pablo Salvador, M.-Pilar Marco, Daniel G.-Pinacho and Rosa-Helena Bustos
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070600 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
More than 70% of bacteria are resistant to all or nearly all known antimicrobials, creating the need for the development of new types of antimicrobials or the use of “last-line” antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of multi-resistant bacteria. These antibiotics include Glycopeptide (Vancomycin),
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More than 70% of bacteria are resistant to all or nearly all known antimicrobials, creating the need for the development of new types of antimicrobials or the use of “last-line” antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of multi-resistant bacteria. These antibiotics include Glycopeptide (Vancomycin), Polymyxin (Colistin), Lipopeptide (Daptomycin), and Carbapenem (Meropenem). However, due to the toxicity of these types of molecules, it is necessary to develop new rapid methodologies to be used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM). TDM could improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs by enabling a favorable clinical outcome. In this way, personalized antibiotic therapy emerges as a viable option, offering optimal dosing for each patient according to pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Various techniques are used for this monitoring, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and immunoassays. The objective of this study is the development and characterization by ELISA of specific polyclonal antibodies for the recognition of the antibiotics Vancomycin (glycopeptide), Colistin (polymyxin), Daptomycin (lipopeptide), and Meropenem (carbapenem) for future applications in the monitoring of these antibiotics in different fluids, such as human plasma. The developed antibodies are capable of recognizing the antibiotic molecules with good detectability, showing an IC50 of 0.05 nM for Vancomycin, 7.56 nM for Colistin, 183.6 nM for Meropenem, and 13.82 nM for Daptomycin. These antibodies offer a promising tool for the precise and effective therapeutic monitoring of these critical antibiotics, potentially enhancing treatment efficacy and patient safety.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobials)
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Open AccessArticle
Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Diabetic Foot Infections in a Major Research Hospital of Turkey
by
Belgin Coşkun, Müge Ayhan, Serap Ulusoy and Rahmet Guner
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070599 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background/Aim: Diabetic foot infection (DFI) occurs frequently in patients, followed up with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). For this reason, antibiotic treatment is often used in patients followed with DFU. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and increasing antibiotic resistance threaten public health. We aimed to
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Background/Aim: Diabetic foot infection (DFI) occurs frequently in patients, followed up with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). For this reason, antibiotic treatment is often used in patients followed with DFU. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and increasing antibiotic resistance threaten public health. We aimed to investigate the microbial spectrum and antimicrobial resistance patterns isolated from diabetic foot infections in Turkey and help clinicians to choose optimal antibiotics empirically. Materials and Methods: This study was planned as a retrospective, single-center, cross-sectional study. Two hundred sixty-two patients whose causative microorganism was isolated in culture of tissue between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2022 were included in this study. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance patterns were analyzed. Results: Four hundred thirty two isolates from 262 patients isolated in culture of tissue were evaluated. Of these microorganisms, 57.60% were Gram-negative, 41.20% were Gram-positive bacteria, and 1.2% were Candida spp. The most frequently detected Gram-positive microorganism was Staphylococcus spp. Gram-negative microorganisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Polymicrobial infections were observed in 40.5% of the patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. rate was 51.3%, while extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance for E. coli was 66.7%. Conclusions: Due to increasing antibiotic resistance rates, treatment of common infections becomes more difficult. Knowledge of the microbiological profile and antibiotic resistance patterns of patients with DFIs is useful to guide empirical therapy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Therapy of Diabetic Foot Infections)
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Open AccessArticle
Ceftazidime–Avibactam Use in a Case Series of Difficult-to-Treat or Recurrent Infections in Pediatric Patients with Complex Chronic Conditions: Effectiveness and Absence of Resistance Development
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Miguel García-Boyano, María Alós Díez, Lorena Fernández Tomé, Luis Escosa-García, Francisco Moreno Ramos, Cristina Schuffelmann-Gutiérrez, Emilio Cendejas Bueno, Cristina Calvo, Fernando Baquero-Artigao and Esteban Frauca Remacha
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070598 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, particularly carbapenem-resistant strains, has become a significant global health concern. Ceftazidime–avibactam (CZA) has emerged as a promising treatment option. However, data on its efficacy and safety in children are scarce, necessitating further investigation. We conducted a descriptive
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The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, particularly carbapenem-resistant strains, has become a significant global health concern. Ceftazidime–avibactam (CZA) has emerged as a promising treatment option. However, data on its efficacy and safety in children are scarce, necessitating further investigation. We conducted a descriptive case series at a tertiary hospital in Spain from February 2019 to January 2022. Pediatric patients (<16 years) treated with CZA for confirmed or suspected multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections were included. The clinical and microbiological characteristics, treatment approaches, and outcomes were examined. Eighteen children received CZA treatment. All had complex chronic conditions, with the most frequent underlying main diseases being liver transplantation (n = 8) and biliary atresia (n = 4). The predominant type of infection for which they received CZA was intra-abdominal infection caused or suspected to be caused by OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. CZA was generally well tolerated. Within the first month of starting CZA therapy, two patients died, with one case directly linked to the infection’s fatal outcome. Some patients needed repeated courses of therapy due to recurrent infections, yet no resistance development was noted. In summary, the use of CZA showed effectiveness and safety, while the lack of resistance development highlights CZA’s potential as a primary treatment option against OXA-48-producing infections.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Use and the Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Settings)
Open AccessReview
New Insights into Pseudomonas spp.-Produced Antibiotics: Genetic Regulation of Biosynthesis and Implementation in Biotechnology
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Alexandra Baukova, Alexander Bogun, Svetlana Sushkova, Tatiana Minkina, Saglara Mandzhieva, Ilya Alliluev, Hanuman Singh Jatav, Valery Kalinitchenko, Vishnu D. Rajput and Yanina Delegan
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070597 - 27 Jun 2024
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Pseudomonas bacteria are renowned for their remarkable capacity to synthesize antibiotics, namely mupirocin, gluconic acid, pyrrolnitrin, and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG). While these substances are extensively employed in agricultural biotechnology to safeguard plants against harmful bacteria and fungi, their potential for human medicine and healthcare
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Pseudomonas bacteria are renowned for their remarkable capacity to synthesize antibiotics, namely mupirocin, gluconic acid, pyrrolnitrin, and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG). While these substances are extensively employed in agricultural biotechnology to safeguard plants against harmful bacteria and fungi, their potential for human medicine and healthcare remains highly promising for common science. However, the challenge of obtaining stable producers that yield higher quantities of these antibiotics continues to be a pertinent concern in modern biotechnology. Although the interest in antibiotics of Pseudomonas bacteria has persisted over the past century, many uncertainties still surround the regulation of the biosynthetic pathways of these compounds. Thus, the present review comprehensively studies the genetic organization and regulation of the biosynthesis of these antibiotics and provides a comprehensive summary of the genetic organization of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in pseudomonas strains, appealing to both molecular biologists and biotechnologists. In addition, attention is also paid to the application of antibiotics in plant protection.
Full article
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Open AccessReview
Native Joint Septic Arthritis
by
Kevin A. Wu, David N. Kugelman, Jessica L. Seidelman and Thorsten M. Seyler
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070596 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) is a severe and rapidly progressing joint infection, predominantly bacterial but also potentially fungal or viral, characterized by synovial membrane inflammation and joint damage, necessitating urgent and multidisciplinary management to prevent permanent joint damage and systemic sepsis. Common
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Native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) is a severe and rapidly progressing joint infection, predominantly bacterial but also potentially fungal or viral, characterized by synovial membrane inflammation and joint damage, necessitating urgent and multidisciplinary management to prevent permanent joint damage and systemic sepsis. Common in large joints like knees, hips, shoulders, and elbows, NJSA's incidence is elevated in individuals with conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, immunosuppression, joint replacement history, or intravenous drug use. This review provides a comprehensive overview of NJSA, encompassing its diagnosis, treatment, antibiotic therapy duration, and surgical interventions, as well as the comparison between arthroscopic and open debridement approaches. Additionally, it explores the unique challenges of managing NJSA in patients who have undergone graft anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, antibiotic treatment, surgical intervention, prevention, and prophylaxis of NJSA are discussed, highlighting the need for prompt diagnosis, aggressive treatment, and ongoing research to enhance patient outcomes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Antimicrobial Therapy of Osteoarticular Infection)
Open AccessArticle
High Biofilm-Forming Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Infantis Strains from the Poultry Production Chain
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Laura Musa, Valeria Toppi, Valentina Stefanetti, Noah Spata, Maria Cristina Rapi, Guido Grilli, Maria Filippa Addis, Giacomo Di Giacinto, Maria Pia Franciosini and Patrizia Casagrande Proietti
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070595 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
The ability of Salmonella species to adhere to surfaces and form biofilms, leading to persistent environmental reservoirs, might represent a direct link between environmental contamination and food processing contamination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biofilm-forming ability of 80 multidrug-resistant
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The ability of Salmonella species to adhere to surfaces and form biofilms, leading to persistent environmental reservoirs, might represent a direct link between environmental contamination and food processing contamination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biofilm-forming ability of 80 multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strains isolated from the broiler food chain production through whole genome sequencing (WGS), PCR, and morphotype association assays. Biofilm formation was quantified by testing the strains at two different temperatures, using 96-well polystyrene plates. The rough and dry colony (rdar) morphotype was assessed visually on Congo red agar (CRA) plates. Based on our results, all tested S. Infantis strains produced biofilm at 22 °C with an rdar morphotype, while at 37 °C, all the isolates tested negative, except one positive. Most isolates (58.75%) exhibited strong biofilm production, while 36.25% showed moderate production. Only 5 out of 80 (6.25%) were weak biofilm producers. WGS analysis showed the presence of the fim cluster (fimADF) and the csg cluster (csgBAC and csgDEFG), also described in S. Typhimurium, which are responsible for fimbriae production. PCR demonstrated the presence of csgD, csgB, and fimA in all 80 S. Infantis strains. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the effects of two different temperatures on the biofilm formation capacity of ESBL producing S. Infantis from the broiler production chain. This study highlights that the initial biofilm components, such as curli and cellulose, are specifically expressed at lower temperatures. It is important to emphasize that within the broiler farm, the environmental temperature ranges between 18–22 °C, which is the optimum temperature for in vitro biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. This temperature range facilitates the expression of biofilm-associated genes, contributing to the persistence of S. Infantis in the environment. This complicates biosecurity measures and makes disinfection protocols on the farm and in the production chain more difficult, posing serious public health concerns.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Nonconventional Antimicrobial Strategies Against Multi-Resistant Bacteria)
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Open AccessArticle
Staphylococcus aureus is the Predominant Pathogen in Hospitalised Patients with Diabetes-Related Foot Infections: An Australian Perspective
by
Kate E. Morton and Sarah H. Coghill
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070594 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence continues to increase worldwide, which has led to a rising incidence of diabetes-related foot infections (DFIs). There is significant local variation in the microbiology of DFIs, and Pseudomonas spp. is suggested to be more prevalent in subtropical climates. The aim of
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Diabetes prevalence continues to increase worldwide, which has led to a rising incidence of diabetes-related foot infections (DFIs). There is significant local variation in the microbiology of DFIs, and Pseudomonas spp. is suggested to be more prevalent in subtropical climates. The aim of this study was to investigate the local microbiological findings in patients admitted to the hospital with DFIs. This retrospective study analysed data from all adult patients diagnosed with diabetes and admitted to the hospital for the treatment of a DFI between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2022. Both superficial wound swabs and tissue cultures were included. The Infectious Diseases Society of America classification system was used to categorise the severity of the DFI. Patient characteristics and demographics were analysed using descriptive statistics. One hundred fifty-one episodes of care were included. Most of the DFIs were classified as moderate infections 101/151 (67%). The most commonly isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus (33%) followed by normal skin flora (11%) and β-haemolytic streptococci (7%). P. aeruginosa was isolated more commonly in those with chronic DFIs (10%) compared to those with acute DFIs (2%). Despite the frequent identification of S. aureus, 83% of patients received an antipseudomonal antibiotic. The introduction of multidisciplinary DFI rounds should be considered.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Therapy of Diabetic Foot Infections)
Open AccessReview
The Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Cranberry, D-Mannose, and Flavonoids against Infectious Diseases: The Example of Urinary Tract Infections
by
Petros Ioannou and Stella Baliou
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070593 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
The treatment of infectious diseases typically includes the administration of anti-infectives; however, the increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have led to attempts to develop other modalities, such as antimicrobial peptides, nanotechnology, bacteriophages, and natural products. Natural products offer a viable alternative due
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The treatment of infectious diseases typically includes the administration of anti-infectives; however, the increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have led to attempts to develop other modalities, such as antimicrobial peptides, nanotechnology, bacteriophages, and natural products. Natural products offer a viable alternative due to their potential affordability, ease of access, and diverse biological activities. Flavonoids, a class of natural polyphenols, demonstrate broad anti-infective properties against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Their mechanisms of action include disruption of microbial membranes, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, and interference with bacterial enzymes. This review explores the potential of natural compounds, such as flavonoids, as an alternative therapeutic approach to combat infectious diseases. Moreover, it discusses some commonly used natural products, such as cranberry and D-mannose, to manage urinary tract infections (UTIs). Cranberry products and D-mannose both, yet differently, inhibit the adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria to the urothelium, thus reducing the likelihood of UTI occurrence. Some studies, with methodological limitations and small patient samples, provide some encouraging results suggesting the use of these substances in the prevention of recurrent UTIs. While further research is needed to determine optimal dosages, bioavailability, and potential side effects, natural compounds hold promise as a complementary or alternative therapeutic strategy in the fight against infectious diseases.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Activity of Different Plant Extracts, Plant-Derived Compounds and Synthetic Derivatives of Natural Compounds on Pathogenic Microorganisms, 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Genomic Study of High-Risk Clones of Enterobacter hormaechei Collected from Tertiary Hospitals in the United Arab Emirates
by
Akela Ghazawi, Febin Anes, Shaimaa Mouftah, Mohammed Elbediwi, Awase Baig, Muna Alketbi, Fatema Almazrouei, Mariam Alhashmi, Norah Alzarooni, Ashrat Manzoor, Ihab Habib, Nikolaos Strepis, Anju Nabi and Mushtaq Khan
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070592 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Enterobacter hormaechei has emerged as a significant pathogen within healthcare settings due to its ability to develop multidrug resistance (MDR) and survive in hospital environments. This study presents a genome-based analysis of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei isolates from two major hospitals in the United
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Enterobacter hormaechei has emerged as a significant pathogen within healthcare settings due to its ability to develop multidrug resistance (MDR) and survive in hospital environments. This study presents a genome-based analysis of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei isolates from two major hospitals in the United Arab Emirates. Eight isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS), revealing extensive resistance profiles including the blaNDM-1, blaOXA-48, and blaVIM-4 genes. Notably, one isolate belonging to ST171 harbored dual carbapenemase genes, while five isolates exhibited colistin resistance without mcr genes. The presence of the type VI secretion system (T6SS), various adhesins, and virulence genes contributes to the virulence and competitive advantage of the pathogen. Additionally, our isolates (87.5%) possessed ampC β-lactamase genes, predominantly blaACT genes. The genomic context of blaNDM-1, surrounded by other resistance genes and mobile genetic elements, highlights the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the spread of resistance. Our findings highlight the need for rigorous surveillance, strategic antibiotic stewardship, and hospital-based WGS to manage and mitigate the spread of these highly resistant and virulent pathogens. Accurate identification and monitoring of Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) species and their resistance mechanisms are crucial for effective infection control and treatment strategies.
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Open AccessCase Report
Isolation of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Avium from a Wild Eurasian Otter (Lutra Lutra)
by
Irena Reil, Sanja Duvnjak, Silvio Špičić, Gordan Kompes, Antonela Bagarić, Martina Đuras, Andrea Gudan Kurilj, Maja Lukač, Mišel Jelić and Maja Zdelar-Tuk
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070591 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium is pathogenic mainly to birds, although cases of mycobacteriosis caused by these bacteria have also been reported in other animals and humans. Not much is known about the effects of this pathogen on otters. The aim of this study
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium is pathogenic mainly to birds, although cases of mycobacteriosis caused by these bacteria have also been reported in other animals and humans. Not much is known about the effects of this pathogen on otters. The aim of this study was to report for the first time the isolation of M. avium subsp. avium in wild otter and to describe its multidrug resistance profile. A female otter injured in a car accident was found dead and subjected to postmortem examination. Apart from the trauma changes, no other macroscopic pathological changes were detected. Bacteriologic examination revealed the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the lymph nodes, which were confirmed by molecular methods as M. avium subsp. avium. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed susceptibility to clarithromycin and amikacin, but resistance to linezolid, moxifloxacin, streptomycin, isoniazid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ethionamide. This is unusual for wild species, which generally should not come into contact with antimicrobials, and may suggest that multidrug-resistant MAC strains are circulating between wild and domestic animals. These results emphasise the need for additional epidemiological studies on non-tuberculous mycobacteria in wildlife and their implications for one health.
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(This article belongs to the Section Antibiotics in Animal Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Improvement in Diagnosis and Management of Nosocomial Pneumonias in a Cardiovascular Surgery Intensive Care Unit: A Multidisciplinary Approach
by
Kirstin J. Kooda, Alejandra A. Zambrano, Dylan L. Kosaski, Leah Higbe, William Brian B. Beam, J. Kyle K. Bohman, Erica D. Wittwer, Steven D. Brady, Allison M. LeMahieu, Madiha Fida and Aditya Shah
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070590 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Background: While criteria for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonias exist, objective definitions are a challenge and there is no gold standard for diagnosis. We analyzed the impact of the implementation of a logical, consensus-based diagnostic and treatment protocol for managing nosocomial
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Abstract: Background: While criteria for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonias exist, objective definitions are a challenge and there is no gold standard for diagnosis. We analyzed the impact of the implementation of a logical, consensus-based diagnostic and treatment protocol for managing nosocomial pneumonias in the cardiovascular surgery intensive care unit (CVS-ICU). Methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental, interrupted time series analysis to evaluate the impact of a diagnostic and treatment protocol for nosocomial pneumonias in the CVS-ICU. Impacts were measured relative to patient outcomes, diagnostic processes, and antimicrobial stewardship improvement. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze results. Results: Overall, 35 pre-protocol and 39 post-protocol patients were included. Primary clinical variables suggesting pneumonia in pre- and post-protocol patients were new lung consolidation (50% vs. 71%), new leukocytosis (59% vs. 64%), and positive culture (32% vs. 55%). Appropriate diagnostic testing improved (23% vs. 54%, p = 0.008) after protocol implementation. The proportion of patients meeting the criteria for nosocomial pneumonia (77% vs. 87%) was not statistically significant, though more patients in the post-protocol group met probable diagnostic criteria (51% vs. 77%). Duration of therapy was not significantly different (6 days [IQR = 5.0, 10.0] vs. 7 days [IQR = 6.0, 9.0]). Conclusions: The implementation of a diagnostic and treatment protocol for management of nosocomial pneumonias in the CVS-ICU resulted in improved diagnostic accuracy, advanced antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship efforts, and laboratory cost savings without an adverse impact on patient-centered outcomes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pulmonary Infections: Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Treatment)
Open AccessReview
Yokenella regensburgei—Past, Present and Future
by
Dan Alexandru Toc, Carmen Costache, Vlad Sever Neculicioiu, Irina-Maria Rusu, Bogdan-Valentin Roznovan, Alexandru Botan, Adelina Georgiana Toc, Pavel Șchiopu, Paul-Stefan Panaitescu, Adrian Gabriel Pană and Ioana Alina Colosi
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070589 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Yokenella regensburgei is a Gram-negative rod part of the Enterobacteriaceae family (order Enterobacterales) and a rare cause of human infections. Although improved diagnostic methods have led to an increase in reports of this elusive pathogen, information remains limited. In order to provide
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Yokenella regensburgei is a Gram-negative rod part of the Enterobacteriaceae family (order Enterobacterales) and a rare cause of human infections. Although improved diagnostic methods have led to an increase in reports of this elusive pathogen, information remains limited. In order to provide a better understanding of this bacterium, we developed the first comprehensive review of its biology, biochemical profile, antimicrobial resistance pattern, virulence factors, natural reservoir and involvement in various veterinary and human infections. Human infections with this bacterium are scarcely reported, most probably due to constraints regarding its identification and biochemical similarities to Hafnia alvei. Multiple systematic searches revealed 23 cases of human infection, with a seemingly worldwide distribution, mostly in middle-aged or elderly male patients, often associated with immunosuppression. To date, Y. regensburgei has been reported in skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia and sepsis, osteoarticular infections and in others such as urinary tract and digestive infections. The unique ability of Y. regensburgei to degrade polystyrene presents a novel and promising avenue for addressing plastic pollution in the near future. However, large-scale applications of this bacterium will undoubtedly increase human exposure, highlighting the necessity for comprehensive research into its role in human and veterinary infections, pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacteria Isolated from Animals: Virulence, Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessReview
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Dairy Products and Bulk-Tank Milk (BTM)
by
Camino González-Machado, Rosa Capita and Carlos Alonso-Calleja
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070588 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
In order to contribute to an assessment of the role of food in the risks of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a review was undertaken of research on this microorganism in milk and dairy products published from January 2001 to February 2024.
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In order to contribute to an assessment of the role of food in the risks of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a review was undertaken of research on this microorganism in milk and dairy products published from January 2001 to February 2024. A total of 186 publications were selected, 125 for dairy products and 61 for bulk-tank milk (BTM). MRSA was detected in 68.8% of the research into dairy products and 73.8% of investigations relating to BTM, although in most studies the prevalence was less than 5%. Of the set of S. aureus strains isolated, approximately 30% corresponded to MRSA. The foods most extensively contaminated with this microorganism were raw milk and some types of soft cheese. Determination of the mecA gene on its own is known not to suffice for the detection of all MRSA strains. The great diversity of techniques used to study MRSA in milk and dairy products made it difficult to draw comparisons between studies. It would thus be advisable to develop a standardized protocol for the study of this microorganism in foods.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Staphylococcus— Molecular Pathogenesis, Virulence Regulation and Antibiotics Resistance)
Open AccessArticle
Levels of Different Microbial Groups on Inert Surfaces of Poultry Slaughterhouses: Identification Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight and Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase- and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteria
by
Sarah Panera-Martínez, Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón, Daniel Rodríguez-Campos, Nuria Pérez-Estébanez, Rosa Capita and Carlos Alonso-Calleja
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070587 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Knowledge of the microbiota present in food processing environments is a significant advance that will allow for better evaluation of the risk of food contamination and a better design of the procedures for sanitization. The levels of microbial group indicators of hygienic quality
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Knowledge of the microbiota present in food processing environments is a significant advance that will allow for better evaluation of the risk of food contamination and a better design of the procedures for sanitization. The levels of microbial group indicators of hygienic quality were determined in different areas of the slaughter lines of two poultry slaughterhouses in the northwest of Spain (22 surfaces in each slaughterhouse were studied). The average microbial levels (ufc/cm2) were 2.15 × 102 ± 4.26 × 102 (total aerobic counts, TAC), 1.99 × 102 ± 5.00 × 102 (psychrotrophic microorganisms), 3.10 × 100 ± 1.37 × 101 (enterobacteria), 3.96 × 100 ± 2.55 × 101 (coliforms), 1.80 × 10−1 ± 7.79 × 10−1 (enterococci), and 1.12 × 10−1 ± 3.35 × 10−1 (vancomycin-resistant enterococci, VRE). TAC and psychrotrophic microorganisms were the most abundant groups in all samples (p < 0.05). The counts of both microbial groups were higher (p < 0.05) in samples of Slaughterhouse A than in those of Slaughterhouse B. Microbial loads for the rest of the bacteria were not influenced by the slaughterhouse sampled (p > 0.05). All 44 samples showed TAC and psychrotrophic microorganisms. Colonies of the rest of the microbial groups were only found in 26 samples (59.1% of the total). The isolates (one from each sample) were identified with MALDI-TOF and PCR. Gram-negative bacteria (all Enterobacteriaceae) were isolated in 23 samples, and Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 16 (9 Enterococcus spp., 2 Enterococcus spp. and VRE, 3 VRE, 1 Enterococcus spp. and Listeria spp., and 1 Listeria spp.). The resistance of the strains to 11 (Enterococcus spp.) or 17 (Enterobacteriaceae) antibiotics was determined (disk diffusion, CLSI), finding an average of 2.05 ± 2.06 resistances per strain (3.46 ± 2.27 if reduced susceptibility reactions are included). A total of 37.3% of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates had a gene for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics (blaTEM, blaCTX-M-15, blaKPC, blaCMY-2 or blaNDM). The high prevalence of resistant bacteria and resistance genes highlights the need to establish measures to control the spread of antibiotic resistance in poultry slaughterhouses. The findings of this work could contribute to the design of more effective sanitation procedures.
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